Table 1 Overview of study characteristics
AuthorREF | Number, age, gender | Design | Outcome | Individual factors | Environmental factors | Interpersonal factors | Quality score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Astell-Burt [14] | 246920 adults 74–106 years 48 % men | CS | Sitting time | Proximity of green spaces | 0.86 | ||
Ballard [35] | 116 men Mean age = 19.54 | CS | TV Viewing Video games Reading | BMI, body fat %, frequency of exercise, length of exercise, days of moderate activity, days of walking | 0.86 | ||
Barnett [73] | 3334 adults 45–79 years 48 % men | PO | Changes in TV viewing time | Age, retirement, social class, levels of PA | 0.90 | ||
Bowman [32] | 9157 ≥20 years | CS | TV Viewing | Age, sex, education, race, ethnicity | 0.86 | ||
Chau [38] | 10785 adults 15–69 years 42 % men | CS | Leisure sitting time Sitting time at work | Occupational activity | 0.90 | ||
Clark [68] | Young cohort: n = 5215, age 24.6 (1.5) mid-aged cohort: n = 6973, age 52.5 (1.4) 100 % women | P | Hours per day total sitting (visiting friends, reading, driving, reading, watching TV or working at desk/computer) on week and weekend days | Life events in the previous 12 months: major illness surgery, return to study, moving out, decreased income, menopause, | Life events in the previous 12 months: decline health of close family, birth of child, begin work, loss of job, change at work, divorce, new relationship, retirement, spouse retirement, child leaving home | 0.84 | |
Clark [48] | 10951 adults 25–91 years 45 % men | CS | Time spent in TVSE | Age, education, household income, employment status | Living outside the state capital city | Living arrangements | 0.95 |
Clemes [39] | 170 adults 18–65 years 30 % men | CS | Time spent sedentaryO | Levels of PA outside work | Workdays vs. non-workdays | 0.77 | |
Coogan [8] | 59000 women 21–69 years | CS | TV Viewing | Neighbourhood walkability, neighbourhood SES | 0.81 | ||
Conroy [45] | 128 adults Mean age = 31,3 (SD = 1,1) 41 % men | CS | Time spent sedentaryO | Sedentary habits, daily intentions to limit sedentary behaviour, levels of PA | 0.86 | ||
Crespo [86]a | 1313 adults Mean age = 45 (SD = 10) 56 % men | CS | Time spent sedentaryO | Age, gender, education, ethnicity | Worksite promotion index including: shower facilities at work, lockers for clothes at work, safe bicycle storage | 0.95 | |
De Cocker [64] | 5562 women | L | Changes in sitting time | Weight | 0.91 | ||
De Cocker [54] | 993 adults mean age 51 | CS | Occupational sitting time | Gender, age, educational level, household income, self-reported health, self-efficacy about sitting less, intention to sit less | Social norm towards sitting less in work, social support towards sitting less in work | 0.91 | |
De Wit [57] | 3005 adults 18–65 years 34 % men | CS | Time spent watching TV or using PC | Depressive symptoms, anxiety disorders | 0.82 | ||
Den Hoed [69] | 1654 adults twins 2 % men Mean age = 56 (SD = 10) | CS | Time spent sedentaryO | Heritability (additive genetic factors) | 0.90 | ||
Ding [9] | 551 adults 20–70 years olds 39 % men | L | Changes in TV viewing time | Age, gender, education, annual household income, employment status, occupational PA, domestic PA, transport PA | Neighbourhood walkability index, neighbourhood pedestrian infrastructures, aesthetics, traffic-related safety, crime-related safety Neighbourhood SES | Living arrangements, number of children (<18 years) in the household Social interactions and social cohesion, sense of community | 0.91 |
Ding [26] | 37570 adults average age 61 year, 54 % female | CS | Time spent driving (motorised transport) | Smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary risk, physical activity levels, sleep quality, BMI, quality of life, self-rated health | 0.91 | ||
Ekelund [56] | 393 adults Mean age = 49,7 (SD = 8) 45 % men | P | Time spent sedentaryO | BMI, fat mass, waist circumference | 0.91 | ||
Evenson [70] | 359 women ≥16 years | CS | Time spent sedentaryO | Pregnancy | 0.91 | ||
Fields [11] | 189 adults Mean age = 32 (SD = 10,2) 31 % men | CS | Time spent sedentary outside of work | Residential density, bike facilities, sidewalk, proximity of a bus stop, access to services, recreation facilities, traffic safety, safe park, crime safety | 0.82 | ||
Frank [83] | 10876 adults 46 % male | CS | Car time as passenger or driver | Land use mix, intersection, density, residential density | 0.86 | ||
George [67] | 15 men 35–64 years | Q | Barriers to decreasing sedentary time | Health status and working hours | Weather as a barrier, access to recreation facilities | Social interactions and sense of community and family support | 0.82 |
Granner [31] | 189 women 18–60 years | CS | TV viewing Sitting time Time spent sedentary | Age, education, employment status, ethnicity, eat meals or snacks while watching TV, BMI, self-rated health, number of days per month depressed, number of days per month anxious | 0.86 | ||
Grothe [30] | 39 women ≥18 years | CS | Time spent sedentaryO TV Viewing Video games Computer work Paper work Phone use Reading Doing artwork Transportation sitting time | Age, education, income, ethnicity, food cravings, BMI, illness | 0.90 | ||
Hadgraft [40] | 1235 adults mean age 53.7 38 % women | CS | Occupational sitting time and TV viewing time | Income, profession, energy intake, educational attainment, leisure time physical activity, BMI | Marital status | 0.90 | |
Hagströmer [13] | 1172 adults 19–69 years 45 % men | CS | Time spent sedentaryO | Region, season | 0.81 | ||
Hamer [29] | 3923 adults Mean age = 51 (SD = 15,8) | CS | Time spent in TVSE | Deprivation, BMI, mental health, physical function, psychological distress, smoking, alcohol intake, fruits and vegetables intake | 0.86 | ||
Hamrik [50] | 19-90 years | CS | Time spent sedentary | Age, gender | 0.7 | ||
Hirooka [43] | 97 adults ≥18 years 41 % men | CS | Sitting/lying time TV/computer time | Total time in exercise, localization (Japan vs. USA) | 0.8 | ||
Ishii [63] | 1034 adults 40–69 years 52 % men | CS | Time spent in TVSE | Age, gender, education, household income, employment status BMI | Living arrangements, marital status | 0.90 | |
Jans [74] | 7720 adults Mean age = 32 (SD = 11) 60 % men | CS | Total sedentary time Total sitting time Sitting time at work Sitting time commuting Sitting time during house work Sitting time during the day/evening | Occupational groups, business sectors | 0.72 | ||
Kaufman [33] | > 20 years | CS | Time spent sedentary outside of work | Smoking | 0.86 | ||
Kozo [59] | 2196 adults Mean age = 45 (SD = 11) 51 % years | CS | Time spent sedentaryO Driving/riding in car TV/video viewing Video games Total Sitting minutes Computer/Internet use for leisure Reading Sitting and talking with friends or listening to music Talking on phone | Age, gender, education, income | Neighbourhood walkability index, neighbourhood income | Child living at home | 0.90 |
Kouvonen [51] | 38151 adults 17–64 years 20 % men | CS | Time spent sedentary | Work effort-reward balance | 0.95 | ||
Kozey-Keadle [44] | 58 adults 20–60 years 67 % men | QEX | Time spent sedentary | Exercise, intervention to decrease sedentary behaviour | 0.64 | ||
Lee [85] | 410 women age = 42.5 (SD = 9.3) | CS | Time spent sitting in motor vehicles Total sitting time | Pedestrian crossing aids, sidewalk traffic buffers, traffic control device, number of path connections, posted speed limits, neighbourhood attractiveness, neighbourhood safety | 0.82 | ||
Lepp [46] | 302 adults 44 % men | CS | Leisure sedentary activities | Cell phone use | 0.82 | ||
Li [42] | 131 women | CS | Time spent in TVSE | Age, education, work status, lack of PA, BMI, depressive symptoms, Perceived stress, knowledge/beliefs | Marital status, number of children in the household, family functioning | 0.95 | |
Mabry [52] | 10 adults 50 % men | Q | Barriers to reduce prolonged sitting | Lack of motivation, knowledge/beliefs | Weather, access to facilities | Social norms and community participation | 0.80 |
Menai [41] | 2841 adults age 57.3 +/− 5.0 years 38.3 % men | L | Total leisure SB, Leisure TV viewing, leisure computer use, leisure reading, occupational sitting, domestic sitting | PA (leisure, walking, gardening, swimming, biking, occupational, domestic) | Working status: retirement status | 0.88 | |
Munir [66] | 4436 adults Age from <24 to >55 years 44 % men | CS | Occupational sitting | Age, BMI, PA levels, education, job grade | Married/cohabitating, dependents, work engagement, job demands, job performance | 0.84 | |
Oliver [18] | 2033 adults 20–65 years 43 % male | CS | Occupational sitting time | Neighbourhood level social deprivation | 0.76 | ||
Parry [76] | 22-59 years | CS | Time spent sedentaryO | Workdays vs. non-workdays | 0.90 | ||
Pomerleau [28] | 6461 adults 19–65 years | CS | Leisure time spent sedentary | Education, income, smoking, alcohol, vegetables intake | Rural vs. urban setting | 0.68 | |
Proper [49] | 2650 adults 20–65 years 48 % men | O | Sitting time on weekdays Sitting time on weekend days Sitting in leisure time | Age, gender, education, household income, total PA, working hours | Neighbourhood SES | 0.86 | |
Rhodes [72] | 206 adults Mean age = 54 (SD = 18.6) 51 % men 174 students Mean age = 22 (SD = 13.2) 26 % men | CS | TV Viewing Computer-Use Reading/Music Socializing | Attitude, intention, perceived behaviour control, subjective norm | 0.64 | ||
Saidj [17] | 2308 adults 18–69 years 46 % men | CS / P | Leisure time sitting | Habitat type (apartment versus house) and habitat size (surface area) | Household size (number of occupants) | 0.76 | |
Saidj [53] | 35444 adults 44.5 ± 13.0 years 79 % women | CS | Domain-specific sitting time (work, transport, leisure) | Occupation type, perceptions towards PA, age, gender, education | Workdays versus non-workdays | 0.84 | |
Salmon [47] | 1332 adults > 18 years 45 % men | CS | Time spent sedentary TV Viewing Reading Sitting Socializing | Age, gender, lack of time to be active, enjoyment of PA, preference, tiredness, Injury, disability | Sidewalks, air or noise pollution, weather (perceived as a barrier), safety, no access to facilities | Family commitments, work commitments | 0.8 |
Seguin [25] | 92234 women 50–79 years | P | Time spent sedentary | Age, education, ethnicity, perceived health, physical function, previous fall, BMI, chronic diseases, hormone use, medication, alcohol intake, levels of PA, smoking | Marital status | 0.8 | |
Stamatakis [80] | 7940 adults Mean age = 47 (SD = 18.2) 44 % men | CS | Time spent in TVSE | Education, household income | Neighbourhood deprivation | Social class | 0.95 |
Stamatakis [79] | 60404 adults ≥45 years 46 % men | CS | Total sitting time TV viewing Computer time Driving | Education, annual household income | Area-level index of socio-economic advantage | 0.95 | |
Stamatakis [22] | 2289 adults | CS | TV viewing time Sitting time in work Sitting time outside work | Household income, social class, educational attainment, overall socioeconomic position score | Area deprivation score | 0.91 | |
Storgaard [12] | 48192 adults 44 % men | CS | Leisure time spent sedentary | Education, employment status | Density of green spaces | 0.91 | |
Strong [84] | 1374 adults mean age = 45 (SD = 12.9) 25 % men | CS | TV viewing | Neighbourhood problems neighbourhood conditions | 0.81 | ||
Sugiyama [34] | 2224 adults 20–65 years 37 % men | CS | TV Viewing | Age, education working status, income, BMI, leisure time PA | Neighbourhood SES, neighbourhood walkability | 0.91 | |
Sugiyama [61] | 2046 adults 20–65 years 36 % men | CS | Time spent in other sedentary behaviours (except TV viewing) | Time spent watching TV | 0.95 | ||
Sugiyama [65] | 1408 adults 20–65 years 38 % men | CS | Time spent watching TV | BMI | 0.95 | ||
Sugiyama [77] | 74788 adults >18 years 48 % men | P | Prolonged time in car | Age, work status, household income, car ownership | Suburb, vicinity to CDD | Household composition | 0.68 |
Teychenne [62] | 1554 women 18–65 years | CS | TV Viewing | Education, enjoyment of TV, preference for sedentary behaviour, stress and depressive symptoms | Neighbourhood safety, neighbourhood aesthetic, distance to places of interest, distance to physical activity facilities | Social cohesion, social participation, social support | 0.92 |
Thorp [75] | 193 adults 34 % men | CS | Time spent sedentaryO | Type of work | Workdays vs. Non-workdays | 0.92 | |
Touvier [78] | 1389 adults 45–60 years 50 % men | P | TV Viewing | Retirement | 0.95 | ||
Uijtdewilligen [27] | 11676 adults, women only | P | Time spent sitting at the weekend and time spent sitting on weekdays | BMI, country of birth, highest educational qualification, physical activity levels, smoking, alcohol consumption, stress levels, occupational status | Area of residence | Number of children in the household, marital status, work commitment | 0.84 |
Uijtdewilligen [71] | 475 from 13 to 42 years old 47 % men | L | Screen time: TV during leisure on week or weekend days and time spent behind computer during leisure during week and weekend days (h/week) | Daily hassles (like conflicts with colleagues, misbehaving Children and being displeased about personal appearance, and being laughed at,…) Life events (health, work, home/family, personal/social relations, finance) | 0.84 | ||
Vandelanotte [36] | 2532 adults 20–65 years 39 % men | CS | Leisure time internet and computer use | BMI, Other leisure time sedentary behaviour (except TVSE) | 0.86 | ||
Van Dyck [82] | 1200 adults 20–65 years 47 % men | CS | Time spent sedentaryO | Age, gender, education, employment status, occupation | Neighbourhood walkability index, neighbourhood SES | Living situation | 0.95 |
Van Dyck [55] | 419 adults 20–65 years 47 % men | CS | TV Viewing Leisure time internet use | Age, gender, education, employment status, BMI, pros reducing TV viewing, cons reducing TV viewing, self-efficacy reducing TV viewing, pros reducing internet use, cons reducing internet use | Number of PCs, number of TVS, size of the largest TV set | Family social norm TV viewing, friends norm TV viewing, family social norm internet use | 0.9 |
Van Dyck [60] | 6014 adults 20–65 years 44 % men | CS | Overall sitting time Motorized transport time | Age, gender, education, having a drivers licence, BMI | Not many cul-de-sacs, not many barriers in neighbourhood, aesthetics, street, connectivity, walking and cycling facilities, access to services, proximity to destinations, number of different type of destinations within 20 min walk from home, parking difficult near local shopping area, traffic safety, crime safety, residential density | Living with a partner | 0.95 |
Van Holle [16] | 2839 adults 55–65 years 52 % men | CS | Sitting time during the weekend days | Social trust and cohesion, personal safety, aesthetics, mean destination score, number of TVs in the house | Social participation, social support from friends or colleagues ( | 0.80 | |
Van Uffelen [24] | 8920 women 25–30 years 11018 women 50–55 years | CS | Sitting time | Education, income, studying, occupation, country of birth, alcohol intake, levels of PA, passive leisure activities, poor sleeping, smoking, BMI, chronic conditions, stiff/painful joints | Area of residence | Marital status, number of children, caring for family members | 0.90 |
Wallmann-Sperlich [10] | 2000 adults Mean age = 49,3 (SD = 17,6) 48 % men | CS | Sitting time | Age, gender, education, income | Type of residence, aesthetics, access to park and recreational facilities, distance to local facilities, public transport infrastructure, neighbourhood safety -traffic and crime | 0.90 | |
Wilson [37] | 68 adults 47 % men | CS | Time spent sedentaryO TV Viewing | Age, education, family income, employment type, levels of PA, anthropometrics | 0.41 | ||
Xie [23] | 3016 adults ≥18 years 46 % men | CS | TV Viewing | Age, gender, employment, education, BMI, smoking, alcohol intake, vigorous PA | Marital status | 0.95 | |
Zolnk [15] | 2943 households 25–65 years | CS | Private vehicle commuting time | Income, occupation, gender | Degree of centredness (urban/rural subway) | 0.68 |