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Table 1 Association between malted drink consumption (g/day) and related characteristics among Malaysian primary school children

From: Characteristics associated with the consumption of malted drinks among Malaysian primary school children: findings from the MyBreakfast study

 

6–9 years old

10–12 years old

 

Total

Variables

Consumers

Non-Consumers

  

Consumers

Non-Consumers

  

Consumers

Non-Consumers

  
 

n (%)

n (%)

χ 2

p-valuea

n (%)

n (%)

χ 2

p-valuea

n (%)

n (%)

χ 2

p-valuea

Overall

899 (74.1)

315 (25.9)

  

619 (72.7)

232 (27.3)

  

1518 (73.5)

547 (26.5)

  

Regions

  

38.54

<0.001

  

11.26

0.024

  

45.64

<0.001

 Central

142 (67.6)

68 (32.4)

  

112 (71.3)

45 (28.7)

  

254 (69.2)

113 (30.8)

  

 Southern

174 (81.3)

40 (18.7)

  

113 (77.4)

33 (22.6)

  

287 (79.7)

73 (20.3)

  

 Northern

222 (65.1)

119 (34.9)

  

144 (64.9)

78 (35.1)

  

366 (65.0)

197 (35.0)

  

 East Coast

198 (84.6)

36 (15.4)

  

119 (76.8)

36 (23.2)

  

317 (81.5)

72 (18.5)

  

 East Malaysia

163 (75.8)

52 (24.2)

  

131 (76.6)

40 (23.4)

  

294 (76.2)

92 (23.8)

  

Area

  

0.05

0.821

  

0.14

0.707

  

0.01

0.928

 Urban

616 (73.9)

218 (26.1)

  

414 (73.1)

152 (26.9)

  

1030 (73.6)

370 (26.4)

  

 Rural

283 (74.5)

97 (25.5)

  

205 (71.9)

80 (28.1)

  

488 (73.4)

177 (26.6)

  

Gender

  

5.58

0.018

  

0.21

0.643

  

4.41

0.036

 Boys

391 (77.6)

113 (22.4)

  

259 (73.6)

93 (26.4)

  

650 (75.9)

206 (24.1)

  

 Girls

508 (71.5)

202 (28.5)

  

360 (72.1)

139 (27.9)

  

868 (71.8)

341 (28.2)

  

Ethnic groups

  

19.21

0.001

  

5.21

0.267

  

13.74

0.008

 Malay

640 (75.2)

211 (24.8)

  

393 (70.8)

162 (29.2)

  

1033 (73.5)

373 (26.5)

  

 Chinese

96 (63.6)

55 (36.4)

  

88 (76.5)

27 (23.5)

  

184 (69.2)

82 (30.8)

  

 Indian

58 (76.3)

18 (23.7)

  

46 (79.3)

12 (20.7)

  

104 (77.6)

30 (22.4)

  

 Indigenous people (East Malaysia)

103 (79.8)

26 (20.2)

  

87 (76.3)

27 (23.7)

  

190 (78.2)

53 (21.8)

  

 Others

2 (28.6)

5 (71.4)

  

5 (55.6)

4 (44.4)

  

7 (43.8)

9 (56.2)

  

Income groups (RM)

  

5.95

0.203

  

4.66

0.324

  

5.32

0.256

  < 1500

305 (75.9)

97 (24.1)

  

206 (74.4)

71 (25.6)

  

511 (75.3)

168 (24.7)

  

 1501–3500

214 (71.6)

85 (28.4)

  

188 (76.7)

57 (23.3)

  

402 (73.9)

142 (26.1)

  

 3501–5500

158 (74.5)

54 (25.5)

  

104 (71.2)

42 (28.8)

  

262 (73.2)

96 (26.8)

  

 5501–7500

105 (80.2)

26 (19.8)

  

50 (69.4)

22 (30.6)

  

155 (76.4)

48 (23.6)

  

  > 7500

99 (69.2)

44 (30.8)

  

57 (66.3)

29 (33.7)

  

156 (68.1)

73 (31.9)

  

BMI-for-age

  

3.12

0.538

  

3.62

0.460

  

4.86

0.302

 Severe thinness

11 (68.8)

5 (31.2)

  

17 (63.0)

10 (37.0)

  

28 (65.1)

15 (34.9)

  

 Thinness

56 (74.7)

19 (25.3)

  

52 (67.5)

25 (32.5)

  

108 (71.1)

44 (28.9)

  

 Normal

690 (73.7)

246 (26.3)

  

455 (72.9)

169 (27.1)

  

1145 (73.4)

415 (26.6)

  

 Overweight

72 (71.3)

29 (28.7)

  

61 (77.2)

18 (22.8)

  

133 (73.9)

47 (26.1)

  

 Obese

70 (81.4)

16 (18.6)

  

34 (77.3)

10 (22.7)

  

104 (80.0)

26 (20.0)

  

Physical activity level

  

10.83

0.004

  

0.36

0.836

  

6.92

0.031

 Low

185 (67.3)

90 (32.7)

  

186 (73.2)

68 (26.8)

  

371 (70.1)

158 (29.9)

  

 Moderate

594 (75.1)

197 (24.9)

  

383 (72.1)

148 (27.9)

  

977 (73.9)

345 (26.1)

  

 High

120 (81.1)

28 (18.9)

  

49 (75.4)

16 (24.6)

  

169 (79.3)

44 (20.7)

  

Screen time, hoursb

            

 Weekdays

4.62 (2.75)

2.27 (1.54)

0.33

0.742

4.18 (3.31)

2.33 (1.77)

0.86

0.392

2.23 (1.61)

2.30 (1.64)

0.85

0.397

 Weekends

4.40 (2.38)

2.24 (1.44)

1.30

0.196

3.70 (3.08)

2.21 (1.83)

0.29

0.045

4.11 (2.71)

4.44 (3.01)

2.33

0.020

  1. abased on Pearson Chi-Square test or independent t-test
  2. bpresented as mean (standard deviation)
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