Open and Calm – A randomized controlled trial evaluating a public stress reduction program in Denmark

BMC Public Health

Table 1 Treatment effects on self-report outcomes

Outcome	Open and Calm (OC)		Treatment as Usual (TAU)		OC vs. TAU	OC vs. TAU change^a
	M (SD)	d (within)	M (SD)	d (within)	d (between)	p	F	η_p² (between)	p	Covariates
Perceived Stress (PSS)
Pre-treatment (T₁)	18.75 (6.48)		18.22 (4.01)		0.09	.718	12.96	.16****	< .0001
Post-treatment^b (T₂)	12.88 (7.31)	0.92***	17.33 (3.51)	0.22	0.71**	.012				Employment TCI-HA
Follow-up^c (T₃)	11.64 (6.26)	0.24	16.77 (3.83)	0.25	0.93***	.001				Employment TCI-HA
Pre-treatment—Follow-up		1.30***		0.39*
Mental Health (SF-36-MCS)
Pre-treatment (T₁)	47.24 (26.05)		55.06 (17.26)		0.20	.299	4.97	.13**	= .0018
Post-treatment^b (T₂)	51.22 (25.17)	0.21	52.95 (19.26)	−0.18	0.08	.971				Age
Follow-up^c (T₃)	67.09 (17.57)	0.89***	57.73 (16.38)	0.30	0.55*	.012
Pre-treatment—Follow-up		0.99***		0.15
Depression (MDI)
Pre-treatment (T₁)	16.98 (8.67)		15.75 (7.10)		0.15	.551	8.01	.11**	= .002
Post-treatment^b (T₂)	10.04 (8.65)	0.91***	13.27 (5.97)	0.36	−0.42*	.044				MAAS
Follow-up^c (T₃)	8.04 (6.01)	0.51	12.42 (6.02)	0.22	−0.74**	.006
Pre-treatment—Follow-up		1.44***		0.60*
Quality of Life (WHO-5)
Pre-treatment (T₁)	46.88 (17.32)		48.67 (15.72)		−0.11	.671	5.71	.08**	.004
Post-treatment^b (T₂)	62.04 (19.84)	1.01***	53.92 (14.54)	0.31	0.45	.080				BMI
Follow-up^c (T₃)	65.75 (16.44)	0.23	55.67 (15.19)	0.10	0.64**	.014				TCI-HA
Pre-treatment—Follow-up		1.06***		0.39
Sleep Quality (PSQI)
Pre-treatment (T₁)	6.97 (2.49)		6.67 (2.81)		0.12	.531	11.27	.14***	= .0001
Post-treatment^b (T₂)	5.43 (3.63)	0.47***	5.92 (2.73)	0.25	−0.15	.254				Smoking
Follow-up^c (T₃)	4.96 (2.93)	0.22	6.63 (3.16)	−0.22	-.56*	.017
Pre-treatment—Follow-up		0.73***		0.01

Notes. *.p<.05.**.p<.01.***.p<.001. All p-values are two-tailed , Bonferroni-Holm corrected, and based on intent-to-treat-analyses (OC: n=48; TAU: n=24). The OC vs. TAU change-models adjusted for relevant biopsychosocial covariates (listed in the column “Covariates”) as well as for Time✕Group✕Covariate-interactions. ^a. Effect sizes indicate pre-treatment—post-treatment—follow-up Time✕Group effects. ^b. Within-group effect sizes indicate pre-treatment—post-treatment effects. ^c. Within-group effect sizes indicate post-treatment—follow-up effects. MAAS = Mindful Attention Awareness Scale. MDI=Major Depression Inventory. PSQI=Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. PSS=Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale. SF-36-MCS=Short Form Health Survey-36-Mental Component Summary. TCI-HA = Temperament and Character Inventory - Harm-avoidance. Smoking = Smokers was defined as participants who smoked daily, while other participants were defined as non-smokers

ISSN: 1471-2458