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Table 2 Associations between job insecurity, unemployment and health

From: Is an insecure job better for health than having no job at all? A systematic review of studies investigating the health-related risks of both job insecurity and unemployment

No.

Health dimension

Health indicator

Publication

Unemployment measurement

Statistics

Job insecurity

Unemployment

1.

General health

Self-rated health (5-point scale)

Berth 2003 [35]

Job loss experience

F-value (p)

1.40 (n.s.)

6.92 (<.05)

2.

Satisfaction with one’s own health (5-point scale)

Berth 2005 [39]

Job loss experience

Mean (p)

6.24 (<.01)

6.69 (<.05)

3.

Self-rated health (5-point scale)

Burgard 2009 (Cohort 1) [36]

Job loss experience

Unstandardized OLS coefficient (p)

−0.032 (n.s.)

0.032 (n.s.)

4.

Self-rated health (5-point scale)

Burgard 2009 (Cohort 2) [36]

Job loss experience

Unstandardized OLS coefficient (p)

−0.039 (n.s.)

−0.005 (n.s.)

5.

Mental health

Mental Health (GHQ)

Flint 2013 [32]

Current employment status

Unstandardized OLS coefficient (p)

1.11 (<.05)

2.21 (<.05)

6.

Job-related affective well-being

Makikangas 2011 [34]

Job loss experience

Odds Ratio (p)

6.32 (<.05)

4.86 (<.05)

7.

Anxiety (HADS)

Berth 2003 [35]

Job loss experience

F-value (p)

10.21 (<.001)

6.74 (<.01)

8.

Anxiety (PHQ-7)

Mewes 2013 [37]

Current employment status

Mean (p)

2.6 (<.001)

2.6 (<.001)

9.

Anxiety (PHQ-4)

Zenger 2013 [38]

Current employment status, job loss experience, unemployment duration

F-value (p)

15.45 (<.001)

Frequency: 24.29 (<.001)

Duration: 23.90 (<.001)

Status: 4.90 (<.001)

10.

Depression (HADS)

Berth 2003 [35]

Job loss experience

F-value (p)

17.91 (<.001)

10.68 (<.001)

11.

Depressive symptoms (CES-D)

Burgard 2009 (Cohort 1) [36]

Job loss experience

Unstandardized OLS coefficient (p)

−0-094 (n.s.)

0.042 (n.s.)

12.

Depressive symptoms (CES-D)

Burgard 2009 (Cohort 2) [36]

Job loss experience

Unstandardized OLS coefficient (p)

0.053 (n.s.)

0.020 (n.s.)

13.

Depressive symptoms (CES-D)

Mandal 2011 [30]

Job loss experience

Unstandardized OLS coefficient (p)

−0-036 (n.s.)

0.329 (<.05)

14.

Depressive disorder (PHQ-9)

Mewes 2013 [37]

Current employment status

Mean (p)

2.9 (<.001)

3.6 (<.001)

15.

Depression (PHQ-4)

Zenger 2013 [38]

Current employment status

F-value (p)

14.24 (<.001)

Frequency: 35.11 (<.001)

Duration: 41.74 (<.001)

Job loss experience

Status: 7.04 (<.001)

Unemployment duration

16.

Somatoform disorder (PHQ-15)

Mewes 2013 [37]

Current employment status

Mean (p)

3.7 (<.001)

3.9 (<.001)

17.

Psychological distress (SCL-9)

Berth 2003 [35]

Job loss experience

F-value (p)

3.49 (<.05)

3.29 (<.01)

18.

Fatigue (GBB)

Berth 2003 [35]

Job loss experience

F-value (p)

5.70 (<.01)

2.64 (n.s.)

19.

Mortality

Mortality

Amick 2002 [40]

Current employment status

Odds Ratio (p)

0.95 (n.s.)

2.26 (<.05)

20.

Somatic symptoms

Stomach trouble (GBB)

Berth 2003 [35]

Job loss experience

F-value (p)

2.98 (<.05)

2.03 (n.s.)

21.

Joint pain (GBB)

Berth 2003 [35]

Job loss experience

F-value (p)

2.81 (<.05)

2.13 (n.s.)

22.

Heartache (GBB)

Berth 2003 [35]

Job loss experience

F-value (p)

2.21 (n.s.)

1.84 (n.s.)

23.

Index of complaints (GBB)

Berth 2003 [35]

Job loss experience

F-value (p)

5.14 (<.01)

3.46 (<.05)

24.

Complaints (PHQ-4)

Zenger 2013 [38]

Current employment status, job loss experience, unemployment duration

F-value (p)

5.93 (<.01)

Frequency: 6.02 (<.01)

Duration: 10.99 (<.001)

Status: 4.18 (<.001)

  1. Abbreviations: CES-D Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; GBB Gießener Beschwerdebogen; GHQ General health Questionnaire; HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; n.s. not significant; OLS Ordinary least squares; p p-value, PHQ Patient Health Questionnaire; SCL-9 Symptom Checklist-9