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Table 2 Distribution of socio-demographic characteristics in over-50s in the EPIC-Norfolk study across single or combined economic and social resources

From: Gender and the double burden of economic and social disadvantages on healthy eating: cross-sectional study of older adults in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort

 

Mean (SD) age

Women

Poor/moderate health

Ever smoker

Mean (SD) PAEE score

Mean (SD) alcohol intake (units/week)

Mean (SD) BMI (kg/m2)

Mean (SD) fruit variety score (0-11)

Mean (SD) vegetable variety score (0-26)

Social class (n = 9407)

   

High (n = 5980)

62 (7)

56 %

14 %

49 %

49 (51)

8.6 (9.1)

27 (4)

7.5 (2.4)

16.7 (3.9)

Low (n = 3427)

62 (7)

54 %

21 %

55 %

57 (63)

5.5 (8.2)

27 (4)

6.9 (2.5)

15.5 (4.1)

Education (n = 9574)

         

High (n = 5200)

62 (7)

49 %

14 %

51 %

57 (59)

8.0 (9.5)

27 (4)

7.5 (2.4)

16.8 (3.9)

Low (n = 4374)

63 (7)

63 %

20 %

52 %

46 (51)

5.4 (7.7)

27 (4)

7.0 (2.5)

15.6 (4.0)

Paying bills (n = 8762)

         

No difficulty (n = 8038)

62 (7)

55 %

15 %

51 %

52 (56)

6.9 (8.9)

27 (4)

7.3 (2.4)

16.3 (4.0)

Difficulty (n = 724)

61 (8)

60 %

30 %

57 %

52 (52)

5.6 (9.0)

28 (5)

6.9 (2.6)

15.7 (4.3)

Marital status (6257)

         

Married (n = 5040)

62 (7.0)

52 %

15 %

50.5 %

53 (53)

7.0 (8.7)

27 (4)

7.3 (2.4)

16.4 (3.9)

Non-married (n = 1217)

64 (8)

76 %

21 %

49.5 %

43 (45)

5.6 (8.8)

27 (5)

7.3 (2.5)

15.3 (4.4)

Living arrangement (n = 8816)

         

Co-living (7243)

62 (7)

52 %

16 %

52 %

53 (56)

7.0 (8.9)

27 (4)

7.3 (2.4)

16.4 (3.9)

Lone-living (1573)

65 (7)

71 %

19 %

50 %

43 (54)

5.8 (8.7)

27 (4)

7.2 (2.5)

15.4 (4.3)

Friend contact (n = 8442)

         

Frequent (n = 6972)

62 (7)

58 %

16 %

49.5 %

51 (57)

7.0 (9.0)

27 (4)

7.4 (2.4)

16.5 (3.9)

Infrequent (n = 1470)

62 (7)

45 %

19 %

57 %

53 (52)

6.4 (8.6)

27 (4)

6.8 (2.5)

15.6 (4.2)

Social class and marital status (n = 6,151)

High class, married (n = 3,156)

62 (7)

51 %

13 %

49 %

50 (49)

7.9 (9.3)

27 (4)

7.5 (2.3)

16.9 (3.8)

High class, non-married (n = 764)

64 (8)

79 %

18 %

47 %

44 (41)

6.0 (9.0)

26 (4)

7.6 (2.3)

15.9 (4.3)

Low class, married (n = 1,825)

61 (7)

53 %

19 %

54 %

58 (59)

5.5 (7.4)

27 (4)

7.0 (2.5)

15.6 (3.9)

Low class, non-married (n = 406)

65 (7)

71 %

25 %

56 %

45 (54)

4.5 (7.8)

28 (5)

6.7 (2.7)

14.1 (4.3)

Education and marital status (n = 6,252)

   

High education, married (n = 2,820)

61 (7)

44 %

13 %

50 %

58 (57)

8.2 (9.4)

27 (4)

7.4 (2.4)

16.9 (3.8)

High education, non-married (n = 642)

63 (8)

74 %

17 %

49 %

48 (48)

6.8 (9.9)

26 (5)

7.6 (2.4)

16.2 (4.1)

Low education, married (n = 2,216)

62 (7)

61 %

18 %

51 %

46 (47)

5.5 (7.4)

27 (4)

7.1 (2.4)

15.8 (3.9)

Low education, non-married (n = 574)

65 (7)

79 %

25 %

51 %

38 (42)

4.1 (7.0)

27 (5)

6.9 (2.7)

14.3 (4.5)

Paying bills and marital status (n = 5,839)

   

No difficulty, married (n = 4,388)

62 (7)

52 %

14 %

50 %

53 (53)

7.1 (8.8)

27 (4)

7.3 (2.4)

16.5 (3.8)

No difficulty, non-married (n = 967)

64 (7)

75 %

17 %

49 %

44 (46)

5.8 (8.3)

27 (4)

7.4 (2.5)

15.4 (4.4)

Difficulty paying bills, married (n = 309)

61 (7)

48 %

26 %

58 %

57 (55)

6.0 (7.9)

28 (5)

7.0 (2.5)

16.0 (4.4)

Difficulty paying bills, non-married (n = 175)

62 (8)

80 %

40 %

57 %

41 (43)

4.8 (11.3)

28 (5)

6.9 (2.7)

15.2 (4.2)

  1. Measurement time-points were: sex, age, education and occupational social class (1993-97); marital status, living arrangement, friend contact, money for needs, frequency of insufficient money for food/clothing, difficulty paying bills, physical activity and energy expenditure (PAEE) (1996-2000); self-rated general health, smoking status, and food and alcohol intakes (1998-2002)