The contribution of snacks to dietary intake and their association with eating location among Norwegian adults – results from a cross-sectional dietary survey

Table 5 Intake of energy, macronutrients and selected food groups in snacks ^a eaten at different locations (n = 1661)

	Home		Visiting private households			Work^b			Restaurant^c			Travel/meeting^d
Number (%) of snacks (n = 5876 snacks) consumed in each location	3396 (58%)		336 (6%)			1376 (23%)			195 (3%)			573 (10%)
Number (%) of participants consuming ≥1 snack in this location (n = 1661)	1438 (87%)		258 (16%)			745 (45%)			154 (9%)			394 (24%)
Energy and macronutrients	Mean^e	95% CI	Mean^e	95% CI	p^f	Mean^e	95% CI	p^f	Mean^e	95% CI	p^f	Mean^e	95% CI	p^f
Energy, MJ/snack	1.0	1.0,1.0	1.7	1.6,1.9	<0.001	0.7	0.7,0.8	<0.001	1.3	1.2,1.5	<0.001	1.0	0.9,1.1	0.97
Protein, E%	10	10,10	9	8,10	0.012	11	10,12	0.005	10	9,11	0.76	10	9,11	0.70
Fat, E%	23	22,23	30	28,33	<0.001	19	18,21	<0.001	29	26,33	<0.001	23	21,25	0.62
Carbohydrates, E%	59	58,60	52	50,55	<0.001	64	63,66	<0.001	44	42,47	<0.001	62	60,64	0.008
Added sugars, E%	15	14,16	22	19,24	<0.001	10	9,11	<0.001	16	14,19	0.37	19	17,22	0.001
Fiber, g/MJ	4.1	3.9,4.2	2.4	2.0,2.7	<0.001	6.0	5.7,6.3	<0.001	1.5	1.1,1.9	<0.001	3.9	3.5,4.4	0.55
Alcohol, E%	5	5,6	7	4,9	0.25	0	0,1	<0.001	15	11,19	<0.001	2	0,3	<0.001
Food groups^g	%		%		p^h	%		p^h	%		p^h	%		p^h
Cakes, % of snacks including	12		43		<0.001	10		0.68	29		<0.001	20		<0.001
Fruits, % of snacks including	37		27		0.003	49		<0.001	12		<0.001	35		0.81
Sugar/sweets, % of snacks including	27		34		0.023	20		<0.001	26		0.44	30		0.20
Bread, % of snacks including	12		13		0.44	19		<0.001	15		0.11	12		0.91
Alcoholic beverages, % of snacks including	9		12		0.06	0		<0.001	27		<0.001	4		<0.001

MJ, mega joule; E%, percentage of energy.
^aOnly snacks ≥50 kJ are included.
^bWork and school, including school/work canteens
^cRestaurant, fast food outlet, café
^dTravel, meeting, during exercise
^eMeans adjusted for gender, age group, BMI, educational level, interest in a healthy diet, smoking habits, weekday/weekend day, normal day or not with regard to food and beverage intake and whether the participant was an under-reporter of energy intake on the day the snack was consumed.
^fLinear mixed models with bootstrap; the eating location “home” is used as a reference.
^g“cakes” include buns, muffins, waffles, cookies, cream cakes and other cakes, “fruits” include fresh fruits and berries, “sugar/sweets” include sugars, syrup, honey, chocolates, and sweets, “bread” includes regular bread, rolls, crisp bread, crackers and tortillas.
^hLogistic mixed models; the eating location “home” is used as a reference.
Due to multiple comparisons, the significance level was set to p < 0.004.

ISSN: 1471-2458