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Table 5 Intake of energy, macronutrients and selected food groups in snacks a eaten at different locations (n = 1661)

From: The contribution of snacks to dietary intake and their association with eating location among Norwegian adults – results from a cross-sectional dietary survey

 

Home

Visiting private households

Workb

Restaurantc

Travel/meetingd

Number (%) of snacks (n = 5876 snacks) consumed in each location

3396 (58%)

336 (6%)

1376 (23%)

195 (3%)

573 (10%)

Number (%) of participants consuming ≥1 snack in this location (n = 1661)

1438 (87%)

258 (16%)

745 (45%)

154 (9%)

394 (24%)

Energy and macronutrients

Meane

95% CI

Meane

95% CI

pf

Meane

95% CI

pf

Meane

95% CI

pf

Meane

95% CI

pf

Energy, MJ/snack

1.0

1.0,1.0

1.7

1.6,1.9

<0.001

0.7

0.7,0.8

<0.001

1.3

1.2,1.5

<0.001

1.0

0.9,1.1

0.97

Protein, E%

10

10,10

9

8,10

0.012

11

10,12

0.005

10

9,11

0.76

10

9,11

0.70

Fat, E%

23

22,23

30

28,33

<0.001

19

18,21

<0.001

29

26,33

<0.001

23

21,25

0.62

Carbohydrates, E%

59

58,60

52

50,55

<0.001

64

63,66

<0.001

44

42,47

<0.001

62

60,64

0.008

Added sugars, E%

15

14,16

22

19,24

<0.001

10

9,11

<0.001

16

14,19

0.37

19

17,22

0.001

Fiber, g/MJ

4.1

3.9,4.2

2.4

2.0,2.7

<0.001

6.0

5.7,6.3

<0.001

1.5

1.1,1.9

<0.001

3.9

3.5,4.4

0.55

Alcohol, E%

5

5,6

7

4,9

0.25

0

0,1

<0.001

15

11,19

<0.001

2

0,3

<0.001

Food groupsg

%

%

ph

%

ph

%

ph

%

ph

Cakes, % of snacks including

12

43

<0.001

10

0.68

29

<0.001

20

<0.001

Fruits, % of snacks including

37

27

0.003

49

<0.001

12

<0.001

35

0.81

Sugar/sweets, % of snacks including

27

34

0.023

20

<0.001

26

0.44

30

0.20

Bread, % of snacks including

12

13

0.44

19

<0.001

15

0.11

12

0.91

Alcoholic beverages, % of snacks including

9

12

0.06

0

<0.001

27

<0.001

4

<0.001

  1. MJ, mega joule; E%, percentage of energy.
  2. aOnly snacks ≥50 kJ are included.
  3. bWork and school, including school/work canteens
  4. cRestaurant, fast food outlet, café
  5. dTravel, meeting, during exercise
  6. eMeans adjusted for gender, age group, BMI, educational level, interest in a healthy diet, smoking habits, weekday/weekend day, normal day or not with regard to food and beverage intake and whether the participant was an under-reporter of energy intake on the day the snack was consumed.
  7. fLinear mixed models with bootstrap; the eating location “home” is used as a reference.
  8. g“cakes” include buns, muffins, waffles, cookies, cream cakes and other cakes, “fruits” include fresh fruits and berries, “sugar/sweets” include sugars, syrup, honey, chocolates, and sweets, “bread” includes regular bread, rolls, crisp bread, crackers and tortillas.
  9. hLogistic mixed models; the eating location “home” is used as a reference.
  10. Due to multiple comparisons, the significance level was set to p < 0.004.