Table 1 Characteristics of longitudinal studies on the relationship between depression and smoking among adolescents.
First Author | Year | Where study took place | Baseline age or grade | Follow-up period | n | Method of analysis | Estimate of effect of smoking predicting depression | Estimate of effect of depression predicting smoking |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brown | 1996 | Western Oregon | 14 to 18 years | 1 year | 1507 | Logistic regression | OR = 1.89 (1.04, 3.45) | OR = 2.04 (1.16,3.60) |
Escobedo | 1998 | United States | 12 to 18 years | 1 year | 7885 | Logistic | Not assessed | OR = 1.30 (1.10, 1.60) |
Patton | 1998 | Victoria, Australia | Grades 9 to 12 | every 6 months for 3 years | 1688 | person years/time varying Survival analysis | Not assessed | HR = 2.00 (1.30, 2.90) Significant among girls only |
Wu | 1999 | Mid Atlantic US | 8 and 9 years | Every 6 months, 1 year | 1731 | Survival analysis | HR = 1.66 1.28, 2.16 | HR = 1.06 (0.74, 1.51) |
Goodman | 2000 | United States | Grade 7 to 12 | 2 years | 8704 | Logistic | OR = 3.90 (1.85, 8.20) | OR = 1.72 (0.78, 3.81) |
Albers | 2002 | Massachussets | 12-15 years old | 4 years | 522 | Logistic | OR = 1.74 (0.97, 3.14) | Not assessed |
Fergusson | 2003 | New Zealand | Birth | every year, 21 years | 1265 | Incidence ratio | Not assessed | RR 1.75 (1.13, 2.70) |
Lam | 2004 | Hong Kong | Grade 7 | 1 year | 1894 | Logistic | OR = 2.17 (1.40,3.36) | OR 1.48 (1.07, 2.05) |
Audrain-McGovern | 2004 | Northern Virginia | Grade 9 | Every year, 3 years | 615 | Ordinal logit | Not assessed | OR = 1.04 (0.76, 1.42) |
Clark | 2004 | Pittsburgh | 10 to 12 years | 2 years, 3 years, 3 years | 572 | Survival analysis | Not assessed | HR = 1.0 |
Killen | 1997 | Northern California | Grade 9 | 1 year for 4 years | 1901 | Survival analysis | Not assessed | Girls: HR = 1.55 (n = 463 x2 = 4.91), boys: HR = 1.03 (n = 481, x2 = 7.84) |
Gilpin | 2004 | California | 12 to 15 years old | 1 year | 1764 | Logistic | Not assessed | OR = 1.46 (1.04, 2.05) |
Brook | 1998 | Albany and Saratoga | 1 to 10 years | 3 years, 6 years, 5 years | 975 | Logistic | OR = 1.19 (1.01, 1.40) | OR = 1.12 (0.28, 4.44) |