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Table 1 Cox regression analysis for models exploring the relationship between birth weight and CVD in later life (A).

From: Cardiovascular disease in a cohort exposed to the 1940–45 Channel Islands occupation

 

Covariate

(referent category)

Hazard

Ratio

95%

confidence

intervals

p value

Unadjusted

Birth weight (per kg increase)

1.30

0.82 – 2.07

0.26

Unstratified, adjusted for potential confounders 1 and competing exposures 2

Birth weight (per kg increase)

1.12

0.70 – 1.78

0.65

 

Female sex (male)

0.76

0.47 – 1.24

0.27

 

Preterm gestational age (term)

0.26

0.04 – 1.91

0.19

 

Manual paternal occupation (non-manual)

1.42

0.88 – 2.30

0.15

 

Exposure to occupation (unexposed)

2.65

1.62 – 4.34

0.01

Stratified by sex and adjusted for potential confounders 1 and competing exposures 2

Birth weight in men (per kg increase)

0.94

0.52 – 1.72

0.603

 

Birth weight in women (per kg increase)

1.60

0.73 – 3.50

 
  1. 1 Sex, gestational age at birth and paternal occupation at birth were all considered potential confounders. It is important to note that the interpretation of the estimated hazard ratios for potential confounders is not straightforward since the main exposure variable (birth weight) lies on the pathway between these potential confounders and the outcome variable (CVD in later life).
  2. 2 Exposure to the 1940–45 occupation was considered a competing exposure.
  3. 3 p value for interaction between birth weight and sex.