From: Associations between sexual behaviour change in young people and decline in HIV prevalence in Zambia
Indicator | Year | Rural | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | F | ||||||||||||||
% | N | Crude OR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | P | % | N | Crude OR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | P | ||
HIV infection | 1995 | 5.7 | 176 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.143 | 16.1 | 236 | Ref. | Ref. | <0.001 | ||||
1999 | 7.5 | 268 | 1.42 | 0.66–3.05 | 1.45 | 0.66–3.17 | 10.3 | 380 | 0.59 | 0.38–0.92 | 0.60 | 0.37–0.96 | |||
2003 | 3.2 | 309 | 0.56 | 0.26–1.20 | 0.56 | 0.25–1.26 | 6.8 | 456 | 0.38 | 0.19–0.78 | 0.36 | 0.19–0.67 | |||
Ever sex | 1999 | 90 | 290 | Ref. | Ref. | 86 | 424 | Ref. | Ref. | - | |||||
2003 | 77 | 328 | 0.37 | 0.24–0.58 | 0.32 | 0.18–0.56 | 80 | 486 | 0.65 | 0.41–1.03 | 0.53 | 0.32–0.89 | |||
Casual partner past year | 1995 | 46 | 142 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.852 | 12 | 184 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.023 | ||||
1999 | 52 | 206 | 1.27 | 0.68–2.37 | 1.25 | 0.65–2.40 | 12 | 340 | 0.99 | 0.55–1.77 | 0.90 | 0.48–1.69 | |||
2003 | 48 | 191 | 1.07 | 0.70–1.64 | 1.08 | 0.69–1.69 | 7 | 343 | 0.53 | 0.31–0.90 | 0.52 | 0.29–0.93 | |||
>2 sexual partners past 12 months | 1995 | 50 | 147 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.491 | 10 | 189 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.056 | ||||
1999 | 51 | 206 | 1.03 | 0.74–1.43 | 1.02 | 0.72–1.42 | 10 | 340 | 1.03 | 0.54–1.95 | 0.95 | 0.49–1.85 | |||
2003 | 47 | 194 | 0.87 | 0.55–1.37 | 0.87 | 0.55–1.38 | 6 | 340 | 0.56 | 0.34–0.92 | 0.56 | 0.33–0.96 | |||
Ever used condom | 1995 | 54 | 147 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.891 | 26 | 189 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.098 | ||||
1999 | 60 | 207 | 1.25 | 0.73–2.14 | 1.32 | 0.74–2.36 | 36 | 338 | 1.57 | 0.82–3.02 | 1.59 | 0.85–3.00 | |||
2003 | 56 | 199 | 1.06 | 0.66–1.69 | 1.05 | 0.66–1.65 | 34 | 348 | 1.48 | 0.97–2.27 | 1.48 | 0.97–2.26 | |||
Used condom at last sexual intercourse | 1995 | 38 | 136 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.681 | 13 | 159 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.108 | ||||
1999 | 26 | 181 | 0.58 | 0.23–1.46 | 0.56 | 0.22–1.44 | 19 | 268 | 1.63 | 0.45–5.99 | 1.58 | 0.43–5.84 | |||
2003 | 35 | 133 | 0.91 | 0.48–1.73 | 0.93 | 0.49–1.77 | 19 | 248 | 1.67 | 0.86–3.24 | 1.69 | 0.87–3.29 | |||
Used condom at last casual sexual intercourse | 1995 | 27 | 62 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.571 | 9 | 23 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.004 | ||||
1999 | 14 | 110 | 0.42 | 0.18–0.998 | 0.43 | 0.18–1.05 | 2 | 40 | 0.27 | 0.04–1.91 | 0.26 | 0.04–1.83 | |||
2003 | 29 | 89 | 1.09 | 0.35–3.36 | 1.09 | 0.35–3.42 | 39 | 23 | 6.75 | 2.15–21.2 | 6.31 | 1.50–26.5 | |||
Modern contraceptive use | 1999 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 16 | 395 | Ref. | Ref. | - | |||
2003 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 17 | 400 | 1.04 | 0.65–1.66 | 0.97 | 0.61–1.54 | |||
Ever given birth | 1995 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 54 | 257 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.114 | |||
1999 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 61 | 411 | 1.32 | 0.69–2.53 | 1.61 | 0.74–3.51 | |||
2003 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 61 | 467 | 1.32 | 0.87–1.99 | 1.35 | 0.78–2.33 | |||
Most often traditional agents before sex | 1995 | - | - | - | - | 36 | 188 | Ref. | Ref. | <0.001 | |||||
1999 | - | - | - | - | 20 | 381 | 0.44 | 0.24–0.81 | 0.48 | 0.25–0.90 | |||||
2003 | - | - | - | - | 16 | 364 | 0.34 | 0.16–0.71 | 0.33 | 0.15–0.72 | |||||
HIV infection | 1995 | 6.9 | 434 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.005 | 22.5 | 702 | Ref. | Ref. | <0.001 | ||||
1999 | 7.4 | 432 | 1.07 | 0.67–1.72 | 1.01 | 0.61–1.66 | 18.3 | 641 | 0.77 | 0.59–0.99 | 0.72 | 0.55–0.93 | |||
2003 | 3.2 | 623 | 0.45 | 0.28–0.70 | 0.40 | 0.25–0.66 | 12.5 | 840 | 0.49 | 0.36–0.66 | 0.43 | 0.33–0.57 | |||
Ever sex | 1999 | 65 | 496 | Ref. | Ref. | - | 65 | 723 | Ref. | Ref. | - | ||||
2003 | 60 | 695 | 0.81 | 0.61–1.07 | 0.70 | 0.52–0.96 | 55 | 958 | 0.65 | 0.50–0.83 | 0.54 | 0.42–0.68 | |||
Casual partner past year | 1995 | 46 | 254 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.436 | 12 | 433 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.841 | ||||
1999 | 46 | 207 | 0.99 | 0.70–1.42 | 0.98 | 0.69–1.40 | 17 | 336 | 1.56 | 0.94–2.59 | 1.59 | 0.96–2.62 | |||
2003 | 43 | 244 | 0.87 | 0.63–1.20 | 0.86 | 0.63–1.17 | 11 | 363 | 0.93 | 0.66–1.30 | 1.00 | 0.73–1.37 | |||
>=2 sexual partners past 12 months | 1995 | 52 | 269 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.003 | 13 | 432 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.117 | ||||
1999 | 44 | 207 | 0.73 | 0.54–1.00 | 0.68 | 0.48–0.99 | 10 | 338 | 0.76 | 0.47–1.23 | 0.77 | 0.48–1.22 | |||
2003 | 39 | 243 | 0.59 | 0.48–0.72 | 0.54 | 0.42–0.70 | 10 | 359 | 0.71 | 0.42–1.19 | 0.80 | 0.51–1.26 | |||
Ever used condom | 1995 | 70 | 273 | Ref. | Ref. | <0.001 | 59 | 445 | Ref. | Ref. | <0.001 | ||||
1999 | 84 | 207 | 2.22 | 1.53–3.24 | 1.82 | 1.23–2.68 | 75 | 338 | 2.09 | 1.27–3.43 | 2.08 | 1.27–3.40 | |||
2003 | 84 | 263 | 2.24 | 1.63–3.06 | 1.68 | 1.13–2.49 | 81 | 387 | 2.93 | 2.00–4.28 | 2.76 | 1.89–4.04 | |||
Used condom at last sexual intercourse | 1995 | 53 | 247 | Ref. | Ref. | <0.002 | 36 | 412 | Ref. | Ref. | <0.001 | ||||
1999 | 26 | 255 | 0.31 | 0.21–0.48 | 0.31 | 0.21–0.48 | 25 | 425 | 0.60 | 0.44–0.81 | 0.58 | 0.42–0.79 | |||
2003 | 67 | 249 | 1.80 | 1.04–3.11 | 1.59 | 0.97–2.60 | 57 | 347 | 2.34 | 1.45–3.79 | 2.43 | 1.51–3.93 | |||
Used condom at last casual sexual intercourse | 1995 | 50 | 108 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.023 | 46 | 50 | Ref. | Ref. | <0.001 | ||||
1999 | 65 | 94 | 1.85 | 1.07–3.19 | 1.69 | 1.05–2.74 | 53 | 57 | 1.30 | 0.62–2.76 | 1.29 | 0.60–2.78 | |||
2003 | 65 | 104 | 1.89 | 1.10–3.23 | 1.68 | 1.00–2.82 | 82 | 40 | 5.53 | 2.89–10.6 | 5.80 | 2.88–11.7 | |||
Modern contraceptive use | 1999 | - | - | Ref. | Ref. | 27 | 616 | Ref. | Ref. | - | |||||
2003 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 37 | 494 | 1.64 | 1.13–2.37 | 1.30 | 0.94–1.81 | |||
Ever given birth | 1995 | - | - | Ref. | Ref. | - | 39 | 772 | Ref. | Ref. | <0.001 | ||||
1999 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 27 | 713 | 0.57 | 0.44–0.75 | 0.43 | 0.31–0.61 | |||
2003 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 26 | 834 | 0.54 | 0.35–0.83 | 0.33 | 0.20–0.55 | |||
Most often traditional agents before sex | 1995 | - | - | Ref. | Ref. | - | 20 | 429 | Ref. | Ref. | <0.001 | ||||
1999 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 590 | 0.09 | 0.03–0.24 | 0.10 | 0.04–0.29 | |||
2003 | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 427 | 0.23 | 0.09–0.55 | 0.21 | 0.09–0.49 |