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Table 3 Pregnancy risk factors and relative risks (OR, 95% CI) of adverse pregnancy outcomes of women with insufficient antenatal care

From: Under-attending free antenatal care is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes

Pregnancy risk factors

Study

[9]

[31]

[16]

[8]

[18]

Present study1

n, population

10382 two months national cohort, register data

85066 6 months hospital based cohort, clinical records (20 clinics)

21 722 Case-control, postpartum interview

17765 two months cohort of nine maternity units, clinical records

8065 one month cohort of six hospitals, clinical records

23 614 twelve years hospital based register data

Country

Jamaica

France

Ten European countries

England and Wales

USA

Finland

Inadequate antenatal care

4%

1.1%

5.9%

7%

10.2%

1.8%

Age < 18

1.7 (1.2–2.2)3

2.8 (1.2–6.6)2

3.7 (2.7–5.1)

2.5 (2.0–3.0)

NA

1.29 (0.60–2.74)

Unmarried

1.6 (1.1–2.2)

9.3 (6.0–14.3)1

3.1 (2.5–3.9)

NA

NA

1.88 (1.56–2.25)

Multiparous (> 4)

1.5 (0.9–2.4)

34.9 (15.7–77.8)2

4.3 (3.1–6.0)

NA

2.26 (1.76–2.90)

2.03 (0.74–5.54) 4

Unplanned pregnancy

2.8 (1.6–4.7)

NA

4.0 (3.3–4.7)

NA

NA

NA

No health insurance

NA

7.6 (2.2–26.8)2

2.7 (2.1–3.4)

NA

7.67 (5.96–9.86)

NA

Smoking

2.5 (1.8–3.4)

NA

NA

1.6 (1.4–1.9)2

NA

1.87(1.39–2.52)

Alcohol consumption

0.7 (0.5–0.9)

NA

NA

NA

NA

1.48(0.98–2.25)

Pregnancy outcome

Study

[6]

[32]

[31]

[18]

Present study1

 

n

344

57108

85066

8065

23 614

 

n, population

Register based study (religional minority, national obstetric statistics)

One year national cohort, register data

6 months hospital based cohort, clinical records (20 clinics)

one month cohort of six hospitals, clinical records

Mothers Under-attending antenatal care

Mothers Not-attending antenatal care

Country

USA

Finland

France

USA

Finland

 

Preterm birth

NA

2.21 (1.95–2.51)2

5.8 (3.2–10.5)2

3.23 (2.62–3.99)

6.50 (4.71–8.99)2

4.60 (3.35–6.31)2

Low birth weight

NA

2.05 (1.74–2.41)2

2.6 (1.5–4.4)2

2.20 (1.72–2.79)

6.62 (4.50–9.32)2

5.46 (3.90–7.65)2

Admission to NICU

NA

1.56 (1.24–1.98)2

2.8 (1.9–4.1)

NA

0.87 (0.52–1.44)2

1.18 (0.75–1.86)2

Fetal death

3.6 (1.8–6.3)

NA

NA

NA

7.75 (3.65–16.46)2

5.19 (2.04–13.22)2

Perinatal death

2.7 (1.6–4.2)

1.87 (1.34–2.62)2

NA

NA

NA

NA

Neonatal death

   

3.63 (2.23–5.91)

6.16 (4.70–9.32)2

8.66 (3.59–20.86)2

  1. 1Pooled, under-attending and non-attending 2OR adjusted for confounding factors found in the study; 3age under 20 years; NA = not applicable; 4over 7 births; 5number of visits relative to gestational length