From: Under-attending free antenatal care is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes
Pregnancy risk factors | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study | [9] | [31] | [16] | [8] | [18] | Present study1 |
n, population | 10382 two months national cohort, register data | 85066 6 months hospital based cohort, clinical records (20 clinics) | 21 722 Case-control, postpartum interview | 17765 two months cohort of nine maternity units, clinical records | 8065 one month cohort of six hospitals, clinical records | 23 614 twelve years hospital based register data |
Country | Jamaica | France | Ten European countries | England and Wales | USA | Finland |
Inadequate antenatal care | 4% | 1.1% | 5.9% | 7% | 10.2% | 1.8% |
Age < 18 | 1.7 (1.2–2.2)3 | 2.8 (1.2–6.6)2 | 3.7 (2.7–5.1) | 2.5 (2.0–3.0) | NA | 1.29 (0.60–2.74) |
Unmarried | 1.6 (1.1–2.2) | 9.3 (6.0–14.3)1 | 3.1 (2.5–3.9) | NA | NA | 1.88 (1.56–2.25) |
Multiparous (> 4) | 1.5 (0.9–2.4) | 34.9 (15.7–77.8)2 | 4.3 (3.1–6.0) | NA | 2.26 (1.76–2.90) | 2.03 (0.74–5.54) 4 |
Unplanned pregnancy | 2.8 (1.6–4.7) | NA | 4.0 (3.3–4.7) | NA | NA | NA |
No health insurance | NA | 7.6 (2.2–26.8)2 | 2.7 (2.1–3.4) | NA | 7.67 (5.96–9.86) | NA |
Smoking | 2.5 (1.8–3.4) | NA | NA | 1.6 (1.4–1.9)2 | NA | 1.87(1.39–2.52) |
Alcohol consumption | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.48(0.98–2.25) |
Pregnancy outcome | ||||||
Study | [6] | [32] | [31] | [18] | Present study1 | |
n | 344 | 57108 | 85066 | 8065 | 23 614 | |
n, population | Register based study (religional minority, national obstetric statistics) | One year national cohort, register data | 6 months hospital based cohort, clinical records (20 clinics) | one month cohort of six hospitals, clinical records | Mothers Under-attending antenatal care | Mothers Not-attending antenatal care |
Country | USA | Finland | France | USA | Finland | |
Preterm birth | NA | 2.21 (1.95–2.51)2 | 5.8 (3.2–10.5)2 | 3.23 (2.62–3.99) | 6.50 (4.71–8.99)2 | 4.60 (3.35–6.31)2 |
Low birth weight | NA | 2.05 (1.74–2.41)2 | 2.6 (1.5–4.4)2 | 2.20 (1.72–2.79) | 6.62 (4.50–9.32)2 | 5.46 (3.90–7.65)2 |
Admission to NICU | NA | 1.56 (1.24–1.98)2 | 2.8 (1.9–4.1) | NA | 0.87 (0.52–1.44)2 | 1.18 (0.75–1.86)2 |
Fetal death | 3.6 (1.8–6.3) | NA | NA | NA | 7.75 (3.65–16.46)2 | 5.19 (2.04–13.22)2 |
Perinatal death | 2.7 (1.6–4.2) | 1.87 (1.34–2.62)2 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Neonatal death | 3.63 (2.23–5.91) | 6.16 (4.70–9.32)2 | 8.66 (3.59–20.86)2 |