From: An international review of tobacco smoking in the medical profession: 1974–2004
Publication Details | Smoking Ratec | Study Details | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Authors a | Year b | Country | All | Male | Female | Methodology | Sample Size | Response Rate d | Additional Findings |
Smith et al [28] | 2004 | China | 16% | 32% | 0% | Hand Delivered | 286 | 79% | Physicians younger than 25 had the lowest smoking rate |
Soto Mas et al [29] | 2003 | United States e | 7% | - | - | Postal Survey | 45 | 56% | No physicians reported being current cigarette smokers |
Kenna & Wood [30] | 2002 | United States | 4% | - | - | Postal Survey | 104 | 63% | Fewer physicians smoked when compared to dentists |
Pärna et al [31,32] | 2002 | Estonia | - | 25% | 11% | Postal Survey | 2668 | 68% | Twice as many males as females were ex-smokers |
Hodgetts et al [33] | 2002 | Bosnia & Herzegovina | 40% | - | - | Hand Delivered | 112 | 73% | Fewer physicians smoked when compared to nurses |
Gunes et al [34] | 2002 | Turkey | 38% | - | - | Hand Delivered | 257 | 85% | Around one-fifth of smokers were only occasional smokers |
Nollen et al [35] | 2002 | Nigeria | 3% | - | - | Hand Delivered | 373 | 60% | Smoking rates in two different hospitals were the same |
Misra & Vadaparampil [36] | 2002 | United States f | 3% | - | - | Postal Survey | 254 | 37% | The smoking status of a further 6% of physicians was not defined |
Barengo et al [37] | 2001 | Finland | - | 5% | 3% | Postal Survey | 3057 | 69% | Occasional smoking was more common among male physicians |
Kannegaard et al [38] | 2001 | Denmark | 15% | - | - | Postal Survey | 729 | 75% | The physicians' smoking rate fell 4% between 1999 and 2001 |
Ahmadi et al [39] | 2001* | Iran | 9% | - | - | Hand Delivered | 111 | n/sg | Residents had a higher smoking rate than attending physicians |
Pizzo et al [40] | 2000 | Italy | 28% | 32% | 20% | Telephone Survey | 526 | 72% | Physician smoking rates differed by geographical region |
Ohida et al [41] | 2000 | Japan | - | 27% | 7% | Postal Survey | 3771 | 84% | Male physicians aged 40–49 had the highest smoking rate |
An et al [42] | 2000 | United States | 2% | - | - | Postal Survey | 750 | 61% | A further 17% of physicians had ever smoked in the past |
John & Hanke [43] | 1999 | Germany | 18% | - | - | Census Data | 1144 | 79% | Fewer physicians smoked when compared to nurses |
La Vecchia et al [44] | 1999 | Italy | 24% | 25% | 23% | Interview | 501 | n/s | Physicians aged 41–50 had the highest smoking rate |
Power et al [45] | 1999 | Ireland | 16% | - | - | Telephone Survey | 171 | 85% | Most physicians understood the dangers of smoking |
Williang et al [46] | 1999 | Denmark | 25% | - | - | Postal Survey | 445 | 91% | Fewer physicians smoked when compared to nurses |
McEwan & West [47] | 1999 | United Kingdom | 4% | - | - | Postal and Telephone | 303 | 75% | Most physicians felt they should advise patients to quit |
Nardini et al [48] | 1998* | Italy | 39% | - | - | Hand Delivered | 959 | 57% | Fewer physicians smoked when compared to nurses |
Josseran et al [49] | 1998 | France | 32% | 34% | 25% | Telephone Survey | 2073 | 67% | Physicians older than 40 had the highest smoking rate |
Hepburn et al [50] | 1997 | United States | 11% | - | - | Postal Survey | 150 | 65% | More than half of the smokers used smokeless tobacco |
Kawahara et al [51] | 1997 | Japan | 26% | 28% | 5% | Postal Survey | 709 | 91% | Physicians aged 40–49 years had the highest smoking rate |
Samuels [52] | 1996 | Israel | 16% | 16% | 15% | Interview | 260 | 87% | The highest smoking rate was seen among radiologists |
Zanetti et al [53] | 1996 | Italy | 31% | 29% | 34% | Hand Delivered | 2453 | 68% | Fewer physicians smoked when compared to nurses |
Hay [54] | 1996 | New Zealand | 5% | 5% | 5% | Census Data | 7335 | 97%h | Fewer physicians smoked when compared to nurses |
Li et al [55] | 1996 | China | 45% | 61% | 12% | Hand Delivered | 493 | 82% | Smoking rates have increased dramatically in recent years |
Young & Ward [56] | 1996 | Australia | 3% | 4% | 2% | Postal Survey | 855 | 67% | Older physicians were more likely to be current smokers |
Roche et al [57] | 1996* | Australia | 4% | - | - | Postal Survey | 908 | 55% | A further 8% said they had previously smoked tobacco |
Roche et al [58] | 1995* | Australia | 6% | 6% | 5% | Postal Survey | 1365 | 55% | Trainee psychiatrists were more likely to be smokers |
Barengo et al [59] | 1995 | Finland | - | 7% | 3% | Postal Survey | 1221 | 76% | Male physicians older than 45 had the highest smoking rate |
Nardini et al [60] | 1995 | Italy | 25% | - | - | Conference Survey | 605 | 62% | Physicians aged 40–50 years had the highest smoking rate |
Hill & Braithwaite [61] | 1994 | United States i | 4% | - | - | Postal Survey | 121 | 32% | Fewer physicians smoked when compared to dentists |
Kawane & Soejima [62] | 1994 | Japan | 29% | - | - | Hand Delivered | 163 | 60% | Younger physicians had the highest smoking rates |
Josseran et al [63] | 1994 | France | 34% | 36% | 25% | Telephone Survey | 1013 | 65% | Male physicians were also heavier smokers than female physicians |
Kawakami et al [64] | 1994 | Japan | 21% | 24% | 7% | Postal Survey | 323 | 71% | Only 60% of smokers intended to reduce or quit their habit in future |
Grossman et al [65] | 1994 | Costa Rica | 19% | - | - | Hand Delivered | 217 | 76% | 88% of smokers intended to reduce or quit their habit in future |
Frank et al [66–68] | 1994 | United States | - | - | 4% | Postal Survey | 4501 | 59% | Fewer family physicians smoked than physicians, generally |
Tapia-Conyer et al [69] | 1993 | Mexico | 27% | 30% | 21% | Postal Survey | 3488 | 98% | Physicians aged 33–43 years had the highest smoking rate |
Polyzos et al [70] | 1992 | Greece | 49% | - | - | Hand Delivered | 148 | n/s | Surgeons had a higher smoking rate than internists |
Heloma et al [71] | 1992 | Finland | 10% | - | - | Postal Survey | 725 | 72% | More physicians smoked when compared to nurses |
De Koninck et al [72] | 1992 | Canada | - | 13% | 7% | Postal Survey | 1540 | 51% | Over half of all male physicians had previously smoked |
Bener et al [73] | 1992 | Arab Emirates | 36% | 44% | 8% | Postal Survey | 275 | 92% | Almost half the smokers were aged over 45 years |
Tessier et al [74] | 1991 | France | 21% | 22% | 14% | Postal Survey | 4318 | 37% | Over half had made at least one attempt to quit smoking |
Hussain et al [75] | 1991 | United Kingdom | 5% | - | - | Postal Survey | 1069 | 82% | Fewer physicians smoked when compared to nurses |
Yaacob & Abdullah [76] | 1991 | Malaysia | 18% | 25% | 0% | Postal and Hand Delivered | 120 | 100% | Around half the smokers had begun before medical school |
Doll et al [77] | 1990 | United Kingdom | - | 18% | - | Postal Survey | 10807 | 94% | A large proportion of smokers only smoked pipes and cigars |
Kaetsu et al [78] | 1990 | Japan | 32% | 33% | 5% | Postal Survey | 3565 | 63% | Male physicians younger than 40 had the highest smoking rate |
Jormanainen et al [79] | 1990 | Finland | - | 10% | 6% | Postal Survey | 1231 | 76% | General practitioners had a higher smoking rate than specialists |
Brink et al [80] | 1990 | United States | 2% | - | - | Postal Survey | 132 | 77% | Physicians smoked at similar rates when compared to dentists |
Bener et al [73] | 1990 | Kuwait | 38% | 45% | 16% | Postal Survey | 252 | 84% | Over half the smokers were aged 35 to 44 years |
Hensrud & Sprafka [81] | 1990 | United States | 9% | 10% | 2% | Postal Survey | 393 | 83% | Physicians aged 60–69 years had the highest smoking rate |
Waalkens et al [82] | 1989 | The Netherlands | 32% | 37% | 14% | Postal Survey | 362 | 63% | More consultants smoked than house officers |
Kawane [83–85] | 1989 | Japan | 25% | 26% | 6% | Postal Survey | 3640 | 59% | Chest physicians smoked at lower rates than physicians, generally |
Dekker et al [86] | 1989 | Netherlands | 38% | 41% | 24% | Postal Survey | 263 | 82% | More general practitioners smoked than consultants |
Hughes et al [87] | 1989 | United States | 6% | - | - | Postal Survey | 5426 | 59% | Older physicians were more likely to have ever smoked |
Scott et al [88] | 1988 | United States | 5% | 5% | 4% | Postal Survey | 2341 | 86% | Physicians aged 55–64 years had the highest smoking rate |
Fowler et al [89] | 1988 | United Kingdom | 4% | - | - | Postal Survey | 2176 | 75% | A further 11% of male physicians smoked pipes or cigars |
Saeed [90] | 1987 | Saudi Arabia | 34% | - | - | Hand Delivered | 716 | 81% | Males smoked more sticks per day than female physicians |
Nutbeam & Catford [91] | 1987 | Wales | 14% | 17% | 0% | Postal Survey | 310 | 60% | Almost one-quarter of female physicians were ex-smokers |
Hughes et al [92] | 1987 | United States | 4% | - | - | Postal Survey | 1754 | 60% | Psychiatry residents had the highest smoking rate |
Davies & Rajan [93] | 1987 | United Kingdom | 3% | - | - | Postal Survey | 94 | 72% | Fewer physicians smoked when compared to nurses |
Cheng & Lam [94] | 1987 | Hong Kong | 5% | 7% | 0% | Postal Survey | 133 | 88% | Only 8% of female physicians had ever smoked tobacco |
Stillman et al [95] | 1987 | United States | 6% | - | - | Postal Survey | 6050 | 69% | A no-smoking hospital policy helped reduce the smoking rate |
Sarkar et al [96] | 1987 | India | 32% | 48% | 3% | Interview | 218 | 99% | Physicians aged 20–29 had the highest smoking rate |
Franceschi et al [97] | 1985 | Italy | 31% | - | - | Postal and Telephone | 709 | 86% | Over half of the smokers reported no attempt to quit smoking |
Linn et al [98] | 1984 | United States | 4% | - | - | Postal and Telephone | 211 | 67% | A further 2% smoked either weekly or monthly |
Joossens et al [99] | 1983 | Belgium | 32% | 34% | 16% | Postal Survey | 2157 | 67% | Around half of the smokers were evaluated as being dissonant |
Kaetsu et al [100] | 1983 | Japan | 43% | 45% | 9% | Postal Survey | 4232 | 84% | Male physicians younger than 40 had the highest smoking rate |
Sachs [101,102] | 1983 | United States | 12% | - | - | Conference Survey | 594 | 27% | Smoking was higher among non-practicing specialists |
Seiler [103] | 1983* | Scotland | 19% | - | - | Postal Survey | 607 | 81% | Almost half of smoking doctors had spouses who also smoked |
Senior [104] | 1982* | Canada | 19% | - | - | Hand Delivered | 88 | 52% | Fewer physicians smoked when compared to nurses |
Fortmann et al [105] | 1982 | United States | 8% | - | - | Postal Survey | 221 | 62% | Physicians older than 46 years had the highest smoking rate |
Hay [106] | 1981 | New Zealand | 15% | 15% | 13% | Census Data | 4937 | 97%h | Fewer physicians smoked when compared to nurses |
Ballal [107] | 1980 | Sudan | - | 46% | 1% | Postal and Hand Delivered | 753 | 72% | Some respiratory symptoms were more common among smokers |
Wyshak et al [108] | 1979 | United States | 14% | - | - | Postal Survey | 289 | 70% | Fewer physicians smoked when compared to lawyers |
Wells et al [109] | 1978 | United States | - | 15% | - | Hand Delivered | 151 | 76% | Surgeons/obstetricians had the highest smoking rates |
Dodds et al [110] | 1977 | Australia | 21% | 22% | 16% | Postal and Telephone | 275 | 80% | Physicians aged 50–59 years had the highest smoking rate |
Hay [111] | 1976 | New Zealand | - | 20% | 17% | Census Data | 4089 | 97%h | Obstetricians had the highest smoking rates of all |
Aarø et al [112] | 1974 | Norway | - | 35% | 22% | Postal Survey | 1138 | 95% | Male physicians aged 55–64 had the highest smoking rate |
Rankin et al [113] | 1974 | Australia | 14% | 14% | 17% | Postal Survey | 1276 | 69% | Physicians aged 50–59 years had the highest smoking rate |