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Table 5 Summary of SES – CVD life course studies using a cumulative SES design

From: Evaluating the evidence for models of life course socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review

1st Author, year & reference number

Study name

Cumulative SES measure(s)

Variables adjusted for other than age

CVD risk factor(s) / outcomes measured

Davey-Smith 1997 [82]

Collaborative Study

Sum of # of times at mnl vs. non-mnl SES using father's, own first, & own current occup class

BMI, DBP, FEV1, cholesterol, smoking, AP, ischemia, more

CVD, mortality, AP, smoking, BMI, DBP, cholesterol, more

Heslop 2001 [81]

Collaborative Study

Sum of # of times at mnl vs. non-mnl SES using father's, own first, & own current class

DBP, BMI, FEV1, cholesterol, activity, smoking, alcohol

CVD mortality, DBP, BMI, FEV1, exercise, smoking, alcohol, more

Wamala 2001 [45]

Stockholm Study

Sum of # of instances (0–6) of SES disadvantage (large family, born last, low edu, blue-collar/ housewife, economic hardship)

Height, HDL, HTN, marriage, fibrinogen, obesity, smoking, more

Cases: CHD event (acute MI, unstable/ recurrent AP)

Davey-Smith 2002 [52]

Collaborative Study

Sum of # of risks (0–6): Father mnl SES, left edu at < 15 years, current mnl SES, smoking, high alcohol, high deprivation area

None

CVD mortality

Lawlor 2002 [68]

British Women's Heart Study

Cross-classification of father's longest occup and current occup (RG, mnl/non-mnl)

None

Insulin resistance, HTN, smoking, triglycerides, LDL, HDL, BMI, more

Claussen 2003 [53]

Oslo Mortality Study

Early life: Index of housing conditions (scored 0–7) Adulthood: standardized income (7 groups)

None

CVD mortality

Pensola 2003 [79]

Finnish census cohort

Sum of # of times in mnl vs. non-mnl class, by father's occup & own occup at 30–34

None

CVD mortality

  1. AP = Angina pectoris; BMI = Body mass index; CHD = Coronary heart disease; DBP = Diastolic blood pressure; Edu = Education; FEV1 = Forced expiratory volume in 1 second; HTN = Hypertension; MI = Myocardial infarction; Mnl = Manual occupational class; Non-mnl = Non-manual occupational class; Occup = Occupation; RG = Registrar General's social class categories.