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Table 3 Adjusted and unadjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval [CI]) for variables associated with neonatal mortality

From: Determinants of neonatal mortality in Nigeria: evidence from the 2008 demographic and health survey

Variables

Unadjusted

Adjusted^

HR

[95% CI]

P

HR

[95% CI]

P

Community level factors

      

Residence type

      

Urban

1.00

  

1.00

  

Rural

1.36

(1.11-1.66)

0.003

1.26

(1.03-1.55)

0.026

Geopolitical zone

      

North Central

1.00

     

North East

1.23

(0.98-1.55)

0.072

   

North West

1.07

(0.85-1.37)

0.540

   

South East

1.12

(0.79-1.59)

0.536

   

South West

1.28

(0.97-1.68)

0.079

   

South South

0.82

(0.59-1.14)

0.235

   

Household wealth index

      

Poor

1.45

(1.11-1.89)

0.006

   

Middle

1.20

(0.91-1.59)

0.189

   

Rich

1.00

     

Individual related factors

      

Mother’s religion

      

Traditionalist and other

1.00

     

Islam

0.80

(0.48-1.31)

0.370

   

Catholic and other Christian

0.88

(0.53-1.45)

0.605

   

Mother’s age at first birth

      

Less than 20 years

1.00

     

20 - 29 years

0.88

(0.75-1.04)

0.127

   

30 - 49 years*

1.34

(0.85-2.13)

0.209

   

Mother’s age

      

< 20

4.02

(2.99-5.40)

< 0.001

4.07

(2.83-5.86)

< 0.001

20-29

1.12

(0.93-1.33)

0.226

1.22

(1.00-1.49)

0.056

30-39

1.00

  

1.00

  

40-49

1.34

(1.04-1.71)

0.023

1.27

(0.99-1.63)

0.063

Mother’s education

      

No education

1.17

(0.96-1.43)

0.138

   

Primary

1.20

(0.95-1.51)

0.168

   

Secondary or higher

1.00

     

Mother’s literacy level

      

Cannot read at all

1.23

(1.03-1.46)

0.020

   

Able to read

1.00

     

Mother’s desire for pregnancy

      

Wanted then

1.00

     

Wanted later

1.07

(0.78-1.48)

0.670

   

Wanted no more

1.17

(0.78-1.76)

0.442

   

Individual related factors

      

Mother’s body mass index

      

BMI > 18.5

1.00

     

BMI ≥ 18.5

1.08

(0.84-1.38)

0.566

   

Missing

      

Mother’s working status

      

Not working

1.00

     

Working

0.97

(0.83-1.15)

0.749

   

Missing

      

Sex of child

      

Female

1.00

  

1.00

  

Male

1.29

(1.11-1.51)

0.001

1.30

(1.12-1.53)

0.001

Mother’s perceived baby size

      

Small or very small

2.17

(1.82-2.58)

< 0.001

2.10

(1.77-2.50)

< 0.001

Average or larger

1.00

  

1.00

  

Birth order and birth interval

      

First child

1.77

(1.38-2.25)

< 0.001

1.32

(1.01-1.72)

0.040

2 or 3 child, interval > 2

1.00

  

1.00

  

2 or 3 child, interval ≤ 2

1.78

(1.34-2.38)

< 0.001

1.75

(1.31-2.34)

< 0.001

4 or more child, interval > 2

1.28

(1.01-1.62)

0.039

1.36

(1.05-1.78)

0.022

4 or more child, interval ≤ 2

2.10

(1.64-2.70)

< 0.001

2.19

(1.68-2.84)

< 0.001

Mode of delivery

      

Non-caesarean

1.00

  

1.00

  

Caesarean section‴

2.33

(1.54-3.51)

< 0.001

2.80

(1.84-4.25)

< 0.001

Delivery assistance

      

Health professional

1.00

     

non-Health professional

1.99

(0.84-1.17)

0.924

   

Birth place of child

      

Health facility

1.00

     

Home

1.00

(0.84-1.17)

0.955

   
  1. ‴Caesarean section is a combination of both elective and emergency caesarean.
  2. *Interval for 30–39 years and 40–49 years were merged.
  3. ^2,465 missing information were not included in the analysis.
  4. HR, hazard ratio; P-values based on Cox regression.