From: Determinants of neonatal mortality in Nigeria: evidence from the 2008 demographic and health survey
Variables | Unadjusted | Adjusted^ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR | [95% CI] | P | HR | [95% CI] | P | |
Community level factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Residence type | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Urban | 1.00 | Â | Â | 1.00 | Â | Â |
Rural | 1.36 | (1.11-1.66) | 0.003 | 1.26 | (1.03-1.55) | 0.026 |
Geopolitical zone | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
North Central | 1.00 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
North East | 1.23 | (0.98-1.55) | 0.072 | Â | Â | Â |
North West | 1.07 | (0.85-1.37) | 0.540 | Â | Â | Â |
South East | 1.12 | (0.79-1.59) | 0.536 | Â | Â | Â |
South West | 1.28 | (0.97-1.68) | 0.079 | Â | Â | Â |
South South | 0.82 | (0.59-1.14) | 0.235 | Â | Â | Â |
Household wealth index | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Poor | 1.45 | (1.11-1.89) | 0.006 | Â | Â | Â |
Middle | 1.20 | (0.91-1.59) | 0.189 | Â | Â | Â |
Rich | 1.00 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Individual related factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Mother’s religion |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Traditionalist and other | 1.00 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Islam | 0.80 | (0.48-1.31) | 0.370 | Â | Â | Â |
Catholic and other Christian | 0.88 | (0.53-1.45) | 0.605 | Â | Â | Â |
Mother’s age at first birth |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 20Â years | 1.00 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
20 - 29Â years | 0.88 | (0.75-1.04) | 0.127 | Â | Â | Â |
30 - 49Â years* | 1.34 | (0.85-2.13) | 0.209 | Â | Â | Â |
Mother’s age |  |  |  |  |  |  |
< 20 | 4.02 | (2.99-5.40) | < 0.001 | 4.07 | (2.83-5.86) | < 0.001 |
20-29 | 1.12 | (0.93-1.33) | 0.226 | 1.22 | (1.00-1.49) | 0.056 |
30-39 | 1.00 | Â | Â | 1.00 | Â | Â |
40-49 | 1.34 | (1.04-1.71) | 0.023 | 1.27 | (0.99-1.63) | 0.063 |
Mother’s education |  |  |  |  |  |  |
No education | 1.17 | (0.96-1.43) | 0.138 | Â | Â | Â |
Primary | 1.20 | (0.95-1.51) | 0.168 | Â | Â | Â |
Secondary or higher | 1.00 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Mother’s literacy level |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cannot read at all | 1.23 | (1.03-1.46) | 0.020 | Â | Â | Â |
Able to read | 1.00 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Mother’s desire for pregnancy |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Wanted then | 1.00 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Wanted later | 1.07 | (0.78-1.48) | 0.670 | Â | Â | Â |
Wanted no more | 1.17 | (0.78-1.76) | 0.442 | Â | Â | Â |
Individual related factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Mother’s body mass index |  |  |  |  |  |  |
BMI > 18.5 | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
BMI ≥ 18.5 | 1.08 | (0.84-1.38) | 0.566 |  |  |  |
Missing | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Mother’s working status |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Not working | 1.00 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Working | 0.97 | (0.83-1.15) | 0.749 | Â | Â | Â |
Missing | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Sex of child | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Female | 1.00 | Â | Â | 1.00 | Â | Â |
Male | 1.29 | (1.11-1.51) | 0.001 | 1.30 | (1.12-1.53) | 0.001 |
Mother’s perceived baby size |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Small or very small | 2.17 | (1.82-2.58) | < 0.001 | 2.10 | (1.77-2.50) | < 0.001 |
Average or larger | 1.00 | Â | Â | 1.00 | Â | Â |
Birth order and birth interval | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
First child | 1.77 | (1.38-2.25) | < 0.001 | 1.32 | (1.01-1.72) | 0.040 |
2 or 3 child, interval > 2 | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
2 or 3 child, interval ≤ 2 | 1.78 | (1.34-2.38) | < 0.001 | 1.75 | (1.31-2.34) | < 0.001 |
4 or more child, interval > 2 | 1.28 | (1.01-1.62) | 0.039 | 1.36 | (1.05-1.78) | 0.022 |
4 or more child, interval ≤ 2 | 2.10 | (1.64-2.70) | < 0.001 | 2.19 | (1.68-2.84) | < 0.001 |
Mode of delivery | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Non-caesarean | 1.00 | Â | Â | 1.00 | Â | Â |
Caesarean section‴ | 2.33 | (1.54-3.51) | < 0.001 | 2.80 | (1.84-4.25) | < 0.001 |
Delivery assistance | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Health professional | 1.00 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
non-Health professional | 1.99 | (0.84-1.17) | 0.924 | Â | Â | Â |
Birth place of child | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Health facility | 1.00 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Home | 1.00 | (0.84-1.17) | 0.955 | Â | Â | Â |