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Table 4 Participant characteristics inside and outside of obesity clusters in Pennsylvania (N = 8598)

From: Spatial clustering of physical activity and obesity in relation to built environment factors among older women in three U.S. states

Factors

Higher obesity cluster

Lower obesity cluster

Outside clusters

 

Cluster 8 (n = 2424)

Cluster 9 (n = 1335)

(n = 4839)

Socio-demographics

   

Individual-level

   

Age, %a

   

57.5 – 62.4 years

19.93

21.42

19.05

62.4 – 66.8 years

19.60

19.40

20.40

66.8 – 71.1 years

21.16

18.50

19.98

71.1 – 76.2 years

20.13

19.78

20.40

76.2 – 83.5 years

19.18

20.90

20.17

Nurse’s education, %

   

RN degree

69.6

66.37***

72

Bachelors

13.78

14.38

12.69

Graduate degree

6.64

10.19

5.95

Missing

9.98

9.06

9.36

Husband’s education, %

   

High school graduate or less

41.46

30.04***

42.28

Bachelors

20.87

25.47

20.15

Graduate degree

15.35

21.57

16.28

Missing

22.32

22.92

21.29

Census tract level

   

Proportion of population without high school education, %a

   

0 – 20%

21.95***

49.66***

11.94

20.1 – 40%

25.95

23.07

17.23

40.1 – 60%

22.81

11.69

20.56

60.1 – 80%

18.81

8.46

22.42

80.1 – 100%

10.48

7.12

27.84

Median family income, %a

   

$10461 – 42667

22.57**

1.12***

23.25

$42667 – 50341

25.70

2.77

21.49

$50341 – 58152

21.20

10.94

22.32

$58152 – 70096

18.65

22.25

20.79

$70096 – 200001

11.88

62.92

12.15

Health-related factors

   

Walking limitations, %

   

Yes

35.60**

30.71

32.32

No

64.4

69.29

67.68

Previous chronic diseases, %

   

Yes

33.25**

31.69

29.68

No

66.75

68.31

70.32

Healthy eating index, %a

   

22.5 – 44.5

18.89

17.30*

19.74

44.5 – 50.8

19.64

17.30

19.22

50.8 – 56.8

19.35

19.25

18.43

56.8 – 63.8

19.02

18.43

18.64

63.8 – 93.8

16.67

22.25

18.43

Missing

6.44

5.47

5.54

Smoking status, %

   

Previous smoker

47.73*

44.42*

49.37

Current smoker

43.19

47.34

43.36

Never smoked

8.99

8.09

7.11

Missing

0.08

0.15

0.17

Walking MET min/wk, mean (SD)

309.40 (492.90)

300.60 (460.60)*

331.90 (513.90)

BMI, mean (SD)

27.41 (5.32)

26.47 (5.16)***

27.18 (5.28)

Built environment, mean (SD)

   

Population densityb

941.60 (997.40)***

1253.70 (913.20)*

1174.90 (1525.60)

Intersection densityc

3.90 (1.54)***

3.69 (1.16)***

4.07 (1.59)

Diversity of facilitiesd

0.50 (0.34)***

0.53 (0.35)**

0.56 (0.33)

Facility density (total)e

0.97 (1.08)***

1.17 (1.16)

1.18 (1.24)

Retail

0.30 (0.43)***

0.39 (0.49)

0.37 (0.47)

Services

0.06 (0.10)***

0.08 (0.13)

0.08 (0.11)

Cultural/educational

0.27 (0.26)***

0.28 (0.23)***

0.32 (0.30)

Physical activity

0.04 (0.07)

0.05 (0.08)***

0.04 (0.06)

Fast-food restaurants

1.65 (2.68)***

1.92 (2.47)**

2.20 (4.65)

Full-service restaurants

0.66 (1.26)*

0.59 (1.16)***

0.73 (1.25)

Convenience stores

0.30 (0.54)***

0.32 (0.52)***

0.46 (0.64)

Grocery stores

0.16 (0.39)***

0.26 (0.55)

0.26 (0.59)

  1. Note: P-values are based on the t-test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. The values are compared between participants in a specific cluster and those outside the cluster. SD = standard deviation. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.001.
  2. aA five-level categorical covariate expressed as quintiles.
  3. bPopulation density (number of persons per km2 of area within residential buffer) was averaged inside and outside of clusters.
  4. cIntersection density (number of intersections divided by total road length within residential buffer) was averaged inside and outside of clusters.
  5. dDiversity of facilities within residential buffer (ranging from 0 [no diversity] to 1 [max diversity]) was averaged inside and outside of clusters.
  6. eFacility density (number of facilities divided by kilometers of road within residential buffer) was averaged inside and outside of clusters.