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Table 3 Participant characteristics inside and outside of recommended levels of physical activity clusters in Massachusetts (N = 5329)

From: Spatial clustering of physical activity and obesity in relation to built environment factors among older women in three U.S. states

Factors

Higher recommended

Lower recommended

Outside clusters

levels of PA clusters

levels of PA clusters

Cluster 5

Cluster 6

Cluster 7

(n = 3348)

 

(n = 427)

(n = 122)

(n = 1432)

 

Socio-demographics

    

Individual level

    

Age, %a

    

57.5 – 62.4 years

12.88***

22.95

19.41**

20.91

62.4 – 66.4 years

17.8

19.67

17.6

21.21

66.4 – 70.7 years

21.55

20.49

19.76

20.13

70.7 – 75.7 years

23.19

18.03

20.95

19.27

75.7 – 83.4 years

24.59

18.85

22.28

18.49

Nurse’s education, %

    

RN degree

65.11

56.56

71.37***

65.29

Bachelors

18.74

21.31

11.8

17.89

Graduate degree

8.43

9.02

8.45

8.99

Missing

7.73

13.11

8.38

7.83

Husband’s education, %

    

High school graduate or less

25.29

22.13

38.06***

30.35

Bachelors

25.53

25.41

22

25.81

Graduate degree

23.42

24.59

17.04

20.58

Missing

25.76

27.87

22.91

23.27

Census tract level

    

Proportion of population without high school education, %a

    

0 – 20%

29.51***

12.30***

8.10***

24.07

20.1 – 40%

27.87

5.74

14.46

22.1

40.1 – 60%

20.61

18.03

17.81

20.58

60.1 – 80%

17.33

22.13

30.03

16.16

80.1 – 100%

4.68

41.8

29.61

17.08

Median family income, %a

    

$17246 – 55125

47.31***

34.43***

36.59***

8.87

$55125 – 64456

39.58

21.31

27.3

14.22

$64456 – 73101

6.32

21.31

19.27

21.54

$73101 – 86110

6.79

9.84

12.02

25.96

$86110 – 191062

0

13.11

4.82

29.42

Health-related factors

    

Walking limitations, %

    

Yes

32.79

30.33

37.57***

32.5

No

67.21

69.67

62.43

67.5

Previous chronic diseases, %

    

Yes

33.72

31.15

28.84

29.48

No

66.28

68.85

71.16

70.52

Walking MET minutes/wk, mean (SD)

474.90 (600.50)***

484.60 (591.60)*

338.80 (516.90)

364.90 (515.70)

BMI, mean (SD)

25.92 (4.53)**

26.62 (5.67)

26.87 (5.13)

26.63 (5.02)

Built environment, mean (SD)

    

Population densityb

396.70 (294.00)***

5530.70 (7422.20)***

813.60 (879.70)***

1214.90 (1271.30)

Intersection densityc

4.14 (0.95)*

6.08 (1.13)***

3.38 (1.30)***

4.01 (1.34)

Diversity of facilitiesd

0.35 (0.35)***

0.77 (0.09)***

0.44 (0.36)***

0.52 (0.33)

Facility density (total)e

0.69 (1.08)***

4.21 (4.75)***

0.97 (1.14)***

1.22 (1.36)

Retail

0.21 (0.42)***

1.22 (1.22)***

0.30 (0.42)***

0.41 (0.54)

Services

0.04 (0.09)***

0.24 (0.38)***

0.06 (0.11)***

0.08 (0.12)

Cultural/educational

0.13 (0.18)***

0.91 (1.05)***

0.25 (0.28)*

0.27 (0.28)

Physical activity

0.04 (0.07)***

0.12 (0.14)***

0.04 (0.07)***

0.06 (0.09)

Fast-food restaurants

1.44 (3.00)***

15.69 (27.58)***

1.53 (2.68)***

2.20 (3.52)

Full-service restaurants

0.26 (0.72)***

1.70 (2.13)***

0.53 (0.96)

0.53 (1.10)

Convenience stores

0.27 (0.64)***

2.43 (2.35)***

0.44 (0.81)

0.48 (0.76)

Grocery stores

0.14 (0.38)***

0.57 (1.02)***

0.15 (0.43)***

0.21 (0.52)

  1. Note: P-values are based on the t-test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. The values are compared between participants in a specific cluster and those outside the cluster. SD = standard deviation. PA = physical activity. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.001.
  2. aA five-level categorical covariate expressed as quintiles.
  3. bPopulation density (number of persons per km2 of area within residential buffer) was averaged inside and outside of clusters.
  4. cIntersection density (number of intersections divided by total road length within residential buffer) was averaged inside and outside of clusters.
  5. dDiversity of facilities within residential buffer (ranging from 0 [no diversity] to 1 [max diversity]) was averaged inside and outside of clusters.
  6. eFacility density (number of facilities divided by kilometers of road within residential buffer) was averaged inside and outside of clusters.