Table 3 Factors contributing to out-of-pocket (OOP) medical expenditure and prescription drug expenditure in elderly
OOP medical expenditure cost ratio (95% confidence interval) | OOP prescription drug expenditure cost ratio (95% confidence interval) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
Living arrangement | ||||||
Living with adult aged 20-64 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Living only with spouse | 0.86 | 0.82 | 1.05 | 0.97 | 0.94 | 1.10 |
(0.72-1.04) | (0.66-1.01) | (0.84-1.32) | (0.87-1.08) | (0.82-1.07) | (0.96-1.26) | |
Living alone | 0.76 | 0.65 | 0.85 | 0.96 | 0.80 | 0.98 |
(0.58-0.98)* | (0.48-0.89)* | (0.62-1.16) | (0.83-1.13) | (0.67-0.97)* | (0.81-1.18) | |
Age | ||||||
65-74 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
75+ | 1.05 | 1.08 | 1.05 | 1.10 | 1.16 | 1.11 |
(0.87-1.27) | (0.87-1.35) | (0.85-1.31) | (0.98-1.24) | (1.02-1.33)* | (0.97-1.27) | |
Gender | ||||||
Women | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Men | 1.06 | 1.26 | 1.28 | 0.99 | 1.41 | 1.42 |
(0.89-1.26) | (1.03-1.55)* | (1.03-1.60)* | (0.89-1.10) | (1.24-1.61)* | (1.24-1.63)* | |
No. of major chronic diseases | ||||||
0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
1 | 1.63 | 1.67 | 2.11 | 2.17 | ||
(1.27-2.09)* | (1.32-2.12)* | (1.81-2.46)* | (1.88-2.52)* | |||
2+ | 2.31 | 2.39 | 4.18 | 4.33 | ||
(1.81-2.96)* | (1.89-3.03)* | (3.58-4.87)* | (3.73-5.03)* | |||
Education | ||||||
Elementary school or less | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Middle school | 0.82 | 1.06 | ||||
(0.61-1.09) | (0.88-1.26) | |||||
High school or more | 1.04 | 1.12 | ||||
(0.80- 1.35) | (0.95-1.31) | |||||
Employment | ||||||
Not employed | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Employed | 0.76 | 0.68 | ||||
(0.62-0.93)* | (0.60-0.77)* | |||||
Household equivalent income† | ||||||
High | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Middle high | 0.77 | 1.00 | ||||
(0.59-1.00) | (0.85-1.18) | |||||
Middle low | 0.71 | 0.84 | ||||
(0.53-0.95)* | (0.70-1.00) | |||||
Low | 0.54 | 0.71 | ||||
(0.40-0.72)* | (0.59-0.85)* | |||||