Table 1 Evidence for barriers to sharing of routinely collected public health data

Technical

1. Data not collected

[6, 21, 24, 31]

[2, 4, 7, 18, 22, 14, 26–28, 30]

[3, 23, 25]

2. Data not preserved

[33]

[3, 32, 34, 35]

3. Data not found

[45]

[3, 34]

4. Language barrier

[36]

5. Restrictive data format

[40]

[3, 34, 36–39, 41]

6. Technical solutions not available

[42]

[37]

7. Lack of metadata and standards

[21, 24, 43]

[40, 44, 45]

[1, 35–37, 39, 41, 46]

Motivational

8. No incentives

[27, 45, 49]

[35]

9. Opportunity cost

[51, 52]

[13, 33, 50, 53]

[35]

10. Possible criticism

[33]

[32]

11. Disagreement on data use

[21]

[49]

Economic

12. Possible economic damage

[7, 26, 27, 30]

[55]

13. Lack of resources

[56, 21]

[13, 27, 28, 30, 42, 53, 57]

[3, 23, 34–36, 39, 37]

Political

14. Lack of trust

[19, 59, 60]

[33, 61]

[34–37]

15. Restrictive policies

[30]

16. Lack of guidelines

[45, 62, 65]

[37, 41, 63, 64]

Legal

17. Ownership and copyright

[62, 65, 66, 69]

[37, 63, 64, 67]

18. Protection of privacy

[12, 19, 59, 73, 75]

[44, 57, 62, 66, 72, 74]

[36, 37, 64, 67, 68, 70, 71]

Ethical

19. Lack of proportionality

[76]

20. Lack of reciprocity

[51, 52]

[50, 77, 78]

Number of unique documents (% of total)

14 (21.5%)

30 (46.2%)

21 (32.3%)