Food-hygiene practicesa | Total n | Diarrhea | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI)b | p-value | ||
House and environmental condition (n = 274) | ||||||
Clean inside the house | 134 | 7 | 0.46 (0.20–1.05) | 0.07 | 0.68 (0.27–1.68) | 0.40 |
Clean surrounding the house | 139 | 8 | 0.60 (0.27–1.33) | 0.21 | 0.69 (0.29–1.64) | 0.40 |
Existence and less dirty sewage | 74 | 3 | 0.19 (0.04–0.80)* | 0.02* | 0.16 (0.03–0.73)* | 0.02* |
Existence of latrine | 172 | 12 | 1.89 (0.77–4.61) | 0.16 | 1.53 (0.62–3.92) | 0.37 |
Latrine with closet and septic tank | 105 | 13 | 1.70 (0.78–3.73) | 0.18 | 1.43 (0.62–3.29) | 0.41 |
Child’s faeces was thrown in latrine | 138 | 7 | 0.51 (0.23–1.15) | 0.11 | 0.62 (0.27–1.46) | 0.28 |
Other family defecated in latrine | 241 | 11 | 1.87 (0.42–8.29) | 0.41 | 1.63 (0.35–7.58) | 0.53 |
Closed domestic waste disposal | 145 | 10 | 0.87 (0.40–1.90) | 0.73 | 0.96 (0.42–2.21) | 0.93 |
Mother’s hand washing (n = 274) | ||||||
Before preparing food | 80 | 9 | 0.79 (0.32–1.94) | 0.61 | 0.79 (0.31–2.04) | 0.62 |
Before feeding the child | 240 | 11 | 4.18 (0.55–31.8) | 0.17 | 4.16 (0.53–32.8) | 0.18 |
Using water and soap | 193 | 9 | 0.73 (0.32–1.66) | 0.45 | 0.71 (0.30–1.70) | 0.45 |
Child’s hand washing (n = 274) | ||||||
Before eating a meal | 185 | 10 | 1.02 (0.44–2.35) | 0.97 | 1.08 (0.45–2.61) | 0.86 |
After defecating or urinating | 49 | 10 | 1.00 (0.36–2.77) | 0.99 | 1.14 (0.39–3.32) | 0.81 |
Using water and soap | 154 | 10 | 0.89 (0.41–1.95) | 0.77 | 0.87 (0.38–1.99) | 0.74 |
Food preparation (n = 274) | ||||||
Food cooked by mother | 201 | 10 | 1.10 (0.45–2.71) | 0.84 | 1.00 (0.38–2.62) | 0.99 |
Cooked special food for childc | 75 | 16 | 2.48 (0.99–6.19) | 0.05 | 2.56 (0.88–7.58) | 0.08 |
Food holding time before eaten <1 hour | 151 | 10 | 0.93 (0.43–2.04) | 0.86 | 0.78 (0.34–1.78) | 0.55 |
Reheating the food before child eatingd | 191 | 9 | 0.46 (1.18–1.13) | 0.09 | 0.48 (0.18–1.28) | 0.14 |
Feeding child with warm or hot food | 150 | 11 | 1.31 (0.59–2.92) | 0.50 | 1.16 (0.49–2.74) | 0.74 |
Store food covered or closed | 254 | 10 | 1.03 (0.23–4.67) | 0.97 | 0.93 (0.19–4.41) | 0.92 |
Cleanliness of utensils (n = 274) | ||||||
Wash utensils inside house | 236 | 11 | 2.23 (0.51–9.80) | 0.29 | 1.97 (0.43–9.11) | 0.38 |
Wash utensils with flowing tap water | 76 | 9 | 0.86 (0.35–2.10) | 0.73 | 0.86 (0.33–2.21) | 0.75 |
Change water in the pail | 225 | 9 | 0.50 (0.21–1.21) | 0.13 | 0.48 (0.18–1.26) | 0.14 |
Water source and safe drinking water(n = 274) | ||||||
Piped water source | 72 | 10 | 0.93 (0.38–2.29) | 0.87 | 0.97 (0.37–2.51) | 0.94 |
Existence of septic tank | 106 | 13 | 1.67 (0.76–3.67) | 0.20 | 1.41 (0.61–3.25) | 0.42 |
Refill or branded drinking water source | 57 | 11 | 1.04 (0.40–2.71) | 0.93 | 1.02 (0.37–2.80) | 0.98 |
Cover on water storage | 270 | 10 | 1.32 (0.37–4.76) | 0.67 | 1.06 (0.28–4.07) | 0.93 |
Habits of buying cooked food (n = 274) | ||||||
Not Frequently bought street food | 109 | 7 | 0.57 (0.24–1.35) | 0.21 | 0.52 (0.21–1.29) | 0.16 |
Bought hot food from outside | 159 | 13 | 1.92 (0.82–4.54) | 0.14 | 1.71 (0.69–4.26) | 0.25 |
Food given to child were still hot | 235 | 11 | 1.43 (0.41–4.98) | 0.58 | 1.48 (0.38–5.73) | 0.57 |
If the food still hot, food directly eaten | 193 | 9 | 0.61 (0.27–1.38) | 0.24 | 0.71 (0.30–1.67) | 0.43 |
Not frequently bought snack | 29 | 17 | 2.01 (0.70–5.77) | 0.19 | 1.43 (0.43–4.75) | 0.56 |
Bought package snack | 188 | 13 | 3.00 (1.01–8.93)* | 0.048 | 2.37 (0.76–7.35) | 0.14 |
Child’s bottle feeding hygiene | ||||||
Using bottle feeding (n = 155) | 96 | 13 | 2.67 (0.71–9.88) | 0.14 | 3.33 (0.78–14.2) | 0.10 |
Bottle was washed and boiled (n = 96) | 24 | 8 | 0.56 (0.11–2.78) | 0.48 | 0.67 (0.11–3.97) | 0.66 |
Clean bottle milk (n = 95) | 32 | 6 | 0.35 (0.07–1.72) | 0.20 | 0.22 (0.03–1.53) | 0.13 |