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Table 1 Proportion (%) of exclusive breastfeeding in infants 5 months of age and under by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, Nepal 2006 (N = 482) and 2011 (N = 227)

From: Exclusive breastfeeding practices in relation to social and health determinants: a comparison of the 2006 and 2011 Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys

Factor

2006

2011

 

Total N [%]

EBF n [%]#€

p value

Total N [%]

EBF n [%]#€

p value

Infant’s age (months)

  

<0.001

  

<0.001

<=4

380 (78.8)

218 (59.3)

 

187 (82.3)

134 (73.5)

 

5-6

102 (21.2)

26 (33.1)

 

40 (17.7)

12 (33.1)

 

Age of Mother (years)

  

0.730

  

0.361

<19

77 (16.0)

37 (47.6)

 

48 (21.0)

28 (68.9)

 

20-29

324 (67.2)

168 (54.4)

 

139 (61.0)

98 (69.7)

 

30-34

53 (11.0)

24 (54.2)

 

25 (10.9)

10 (54.1)

 

35 and above

28 (5.8)

16 (56.9)

 

16 (7.0)

10 (47.6)

 

Development region

  

0.150

  

0.448

Eastern

115 (23.9)

45 (45.1)

 

48 (21.2)

28 (60.4)

 

Central

125 (25.9)

56 (47.9)

 

66 (28.9)

27 (72.0)

 

Western

89 (18.5)

52 (62.9)

 

50 (22.0)

24 (55.3)

 

Mid -Western

69 (14.3)

44 (65.0)

 

33 (14.6)

33 (70.7)

 

Far-Western

84 (17.4)

48 (58.5)

 

30 (13.2)

34 (77.0)

 

Ecological region

  

0.079

  

0.379

Mountain

60 (12.4)

22 (41.2)

 

15 (6.8)

24 (65.2)

 

Hill

185 (38.4)

110 (60.9)

 

77 (34.1)

55 (59.7)

 

Terai

237 (49.2)

113 (49.0)

 

134 (59.1)

67 (70.2)

 

Mother’s education

  

0.009

  

0.531

No education

262 (54.4)

139 (54.2)

 

86 (38.1)

60 (71.9)

 

Primary

83 (17.2)

47 (66.2)

 

55 (24.4)

36 (68.7)

 

Secondary

113 (23.4)

51 (44.5)

 

68 (29.8)

38 (58.2)

 

Higher

24 (5.0)

8 (27.9)

 

18 (7.7)

12 (62.7)

 

Mother’s occupation

  

0.281

  

0.805

Not working

121 (25.1)

54 (47.9)

 

86 (38.1)

50 (69.5)

 

Agriculture

290 (60.2)

159 (56.4)

 

122 (53.5)

84 (64.2)

 

Working (paid)

71 (14.7)

32 (51.4)

 

19 (8.4)

12 (65.0)

 

Father’s occupation

  

0.003

  

0.746

Agriculture

176 (36.5)

106 (63.4)

 

43 (18.9)

31 (67.6)

 

Professional, clerical, service, and manual

195 (61.2)

134 (48.7)

 

168 (73.9)

105 (65.0)

 

Others (Not specified)

11 (2.3)

5 (32.8)

 

17 (7.3)

10 (76.4)

 

Ethnicity

  

0.036

  

0.296

Relatively advantaged

198 (41.9)

97 (48.2)

 

93 (41.2)

65 (66.2)

 

Relatively disadvantaged (Janjati)

155 (32.8)

86 (62.4)

 

74 (32.6)

42 (59.2)

 

Relatively disadvantaged (Dalit)

119 (25.2)

56 (47.0)

 

59 (26.2)

39 (75.4)

 

Religion

  

0.128

n=

 

0.221

Hindu

420 (87.1)

211(51.2)

 

190 (83.8)

125 (68.2)

 

Others

62 (12.9)

34 (65.5)

 

37 (16.2)

21 (56.4)

 

Sex of child

  

0.078

  

0.086

Male

250 (51.9)

137 (57.2)

 

118 (52.0)

73 (60.3)

 

Female

232 (48.1)

108 (48.6)

 

109 (48.0)

73 (72.4)

 

Wealth index

  

0.015

  

0.310

Poorest

138 (28.6)

88 (67.2)

 

52 (22.8)

39 (61.7)

 

Poor

86 (17.8)

42 (51.2)

 

45 (20.0)

31 (65.5)

 

Middle

94 (19.5)

44 (54.3)

 

58 (25.5)

31 (77.4)

 

Richer

92 (19.1)

43 (46.8)

 

44 (19.2)

30 (69.1)

 

Richest

72 (14.1)

28 (40.6)

 

28 (12.5)

15 (49.1)

 
  1. #the proportion represents the percentage after adjusting for study design and sample weight. This may not be equal to simple calculation of proportion. €: the percentage in the cells is the row percentage of the each sub groups.