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Table 4 Characteristics of 2139 slum-dwelling women, interviewed at 6 weeks postpartum, who did or did not report physical, emotional or sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) in the preceding year

From: Intimate partner violence against women during and after pregnancy: a cross-sectional study in Mumbai slums

Dependent variable

Did not report IPV (%)

Reported IPV (%)

OR

(95% CI)

Adjusted OR

(95% CI)

Socioeconomic quintile

      

  1 Poorest

343 (19)

90 (28)

1 ref

 

1 ref

 

  2

347 (19)

76 (24)

0.832

(0.59, 1.18)

0.934

(0.63, 1.37)

  3

376 (21)

53 (17)

0.543

(0.37, 0.80)

0.618

(0.40, 0.95)

  4

384 (21)

64 (17)

0.517

(0.35, 0.76)

0.639

(0.41, 1.00)

  5 Least poor

371 (20)

44 (14)

0.425

(0.28, 0.64)

0.536

(0.33, 0.88)

  Total

1821 (100)

318 (100)

    

Family unit

      

  Joint

999 (55)

157 (50)

1 ref

 

1 ref

 

  Nuclear

819 (45)

160 (50)

1.239

(0.97, 1.59)

1.021

(0.76, 1.37)

  Total

1818 (100)

317 (100)

    

Religion

      

  Hindu

878 (48)

142 (45)

1 ref

 

1 ref

 

  Muslim

826 (45)

157 (49)

1.144

(0.85, 1.54)

1.700

(1.22, 2.37)

  Other

117 (6)

19 (6)

1.121

(0.64, 1.95)

1.600

(0.89, 2.86)

  Total

1821 (100)

318 (100)

    

Woman’s age

      

  <20 y

117 (6)

23 (7)

1 ref

 

1 ref

 

  20-24 y

887 (49)

157 (49)

0.952

(0.58, 1.56)

1.070

(0.61, 1.86)

  25-29 y

575 (32)

98 (31)

0.920

(0.55, 1.54)

0.928

(0.50, 1.72)

  >29 y

242 (13)

40 (13)

0.896

(0.50, 1.60)

0.746

(0.36, 1.53)

  Total

1821 (100)

318 (100)

    

Woman’s schooling

      

  No schooling

365 (20)

78 (25)

1 ref

 

1 ref

 

  <5 y (primary)

82 (4)

31 (10)

1.755

(1.07, 2.88)

1.563

(0.90, 2.71)

  5-9 y (secondary)

831 (46)

140 (44)

0.782

(0.57, 1.07)

0.923

(0.65, 1.32)

  10 or more y

543 (30)

69 (22)

0.625

(0.43, 0.90)

0.914

(0.59, 1.42)

  Total

1821 (100)

318 (100)

    

Woman’s age at marriage

      

  <20 y

1094 (60)

216 (65)

1 ref

 

1 ref

 

  20-24 y

625 (34)

89 (28)

0.730

(0.56, 0.96)

0.858

(0.62, 1.18)

  >24 y

102 (6)

13 (4)

0.723

(0.39, 1.33)

0.824

(0.41, 1.68)

  Total

1821 (100)

318 (100)

    

Woman’s employment

      

  Unemployed

1604 (88)

244 (77)

1 ref

 

1 ref

 

  Employed

217 (12)

74 (23)

2.320

(1.70, 3.17)

2.008

(1.42, 2.83)

  Total

1821 (100)

318 (100)

    

Parity

      

  1 or 2

1175 (65)

184 (58)

1 ref

 

1 ref

 

  3 or more

646 (35)

134 (42)

1.263

(0.98, 1.62)

1.157

(0.82, 1.62)

  Total

1821 (100)

318 (100)

    

Husband’s schooling

      

  No schooling

212 (12)

49 (16)

1 ref

 

1 ref

 

  <5 y (primary)

58 (3)

18 (6)

1.298

(0.69, 2.43)

1.375

(0.70, 2.68)

  5-9 y (secondary)

676 (38)

128 (41)

0.838

(0.58, 1.22)

1.067

(0.71, 1.60)

  10 or more y

833 (47)

114 (37)

0.619

(0.42, 0.91)

1.004

(0.64, 1.59)

  Total

1779 (100)

309 (100)

    

Husband’s employment

      

  Unemployed

18 (1)

7 (2)

1 ref

 

1 ref

 

  Employed

1803 (99)

311 (98)

0.570

(0.23, 1.43)

1.001

(0.37, 2.73)

  Total

1821 (100)

318 (100)

    

Husband drinks alcohol

      

  No

1524 (84)

168 (53)

1 ref

 

1 ref

 

  Yes

297 (16)

149 (47)

4.884

(3.71, 6.43)

5.223

(3.88, 7.03)

  Total

1821 (100)

317 (100)

    

Infant sex

      

  Male

951 (52)

162 (51)

  

1 ref

 

  Female

861 (48)

153 (49)

1.078

(0.84, 1.38)

1.069

(0.82, 1.39)

  Total

1812 (100)

315 (100)

    

Previous miscarriage

      

  No

1620 (89)

261 (82)

    

  Yes

201 (11)

57 (18)

1.666

(1.20, 2.32)

1.759

(1.20, 2.58)

Total

1821 (100)

318 (100)

    
  1. OR odds ratio. Ref reference category. ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from logistic regression models with random effect for cluster. Multivariable models included covariates describing socioeconomic status, family unit, religion, woman’s age, schooling, age at marriage, employment, parity, husband’s schooling, employment and alcohol use.