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Table 3 Timing, frequency, and help seeking for intimate partner violence in the preceding year reported by 318 slum-dwelling women, and perceived consequences reported by 247 who reported physical violence, interviewed at around 6 weeks postpartum

From: Intimate partner violence against women during and after pregnancy: a cross-sectional study in Mumbai slums

 

n (%)

Physical, emotional, or sexual intimate partner violence

318 (100)

Relationship of IPV with maternity

 

  No difference with respect to maternity

147 (46)

  More before pregnancy

99 (31)

  More during pregnancy

52 (17)

  More after delivery

20 (6)

Intimate partner violence more likely when spouse had taken alcohol

58 (18)

Sought help to prevent repeat violence (more than one option possible)

49 (15)

  Maternal family

41 (13)

  Affinal family

4 (1)

  Friend or neighbour

0 (0)

  Women’s organization or group, social service organization, local body

6 (2)

  Police

5 (2)

  Religious leader

0 (0)

  Doctor

0 (0)

  Lawyer

0 (0)

  Helpline

0 (0)

Physical intimate partner violence

247 (100)

Frequency of physical intimate partner violence in last year

 

  Once

123 (50)

  Sometimes

84 (34)

  Often

40 (16)

Sequelae of physical intimate partner violence in last year

79 (32)

  Aches and pains

58 (23)

  Severe pain

23 (9)

  Bruises

20 (8)

  Cuts or wounds

18 (7)

  Burns

1 (<1)

  Fractures or broken teeth

0 (0)

  Vaginal bleeding

4 (2)

  Early labour

3 (1)

  Baby died in womb

2 (<1)

  Miscarriage

0 (0)

  Affected woman’s ability to care for herself

43 (17)

  Affected woman’s ability to care for her baby

19 (8)

  Prevented woman from breastfeeding her baby

3 (1)

Sought medical treatment for injury

44 (18)