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Table 3 Physical activity studies which used subjective measures

From: Physical activity in older people: a systematic review

NO.

Author, year of publication, country

Data collection period

Sample size

Data source

N and %of sufficiently active old people

Comment

1

Merom et al. [6] 2006, Australia

1989-1990

8160, (60+yr)

National health survey

2285, 28%

High quality, National representative sample, Validated questionnaire

1995-1996

7620, (60+yr)

National health survey

2027, 26.6%

2000

4359, (60+yr)

National health survey

1125, 25.8%

2

Jerome et al. [7] 2006, USA

1991(I) and 1994 (II)

243 F (70-79yr) without functional deficit

Women’s Health and Aging Studies I and II

53, 22%

High quality, Regional representative sample, Validated questionnaire

3

Brownson et al. [8] 2000, USA

1996

24406, 14307 (65-74yr), and 10099 (75+yr)

Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)

CDC-ACSM 1995

High quality National representative sample Validated questionnaire

5696, 23.34%

65-74: 25.7 % 75 +: 20.0%

SGR 1996

6480, 26.55%

65-74: 30.4 % 75 +: 21.1%

4

Brach et al. [9] 2004, USA

1998

3075 (70–79), 1584 F

Health ABC study

750, 24.4% Men: 33.07% Women: 16.22%

High quality Regional representative sample Standardized questionnaire

5

Phongsavan et al. [10] 2004, Australia

1998

4321, 1675 M

NSW State health survey

Domestic PA excluded 1634, 37.82% Men: 46.7% Women: 32.2% Domestic PA included 2184, 50.55% Men: 59.8% Women: 44.7%

High quality Regional representative sample Validated questionnaire

6

Chau et al. [11], 2008, Australia

1998

2068, (65+yr)

NSW Population health survey

748, 36.15%

High quality Regional representative sample Validated questionnaire

65-74: 1357,40.1%

75 +: 711,28.6%

2002

3420, (65+yr)

NSW Population health survey

1295, 37.88%

65-74: 2038,41.8%

75 +:1382, 32.1%

2003

3577, (65+yr)

NSW Population health survey

1217, 34.02%

65-74: 2022,39.8%

75-:1555,26.5%

2004

2706, (65+yr)

NSW Population health survey

1073, 39.66%

65-74:1552, 45.5%

75-:1154, 31.8%

2005

3391, (65+yr)

NSW Population health survey

1350, 39.82%

65-74: 1921, 45.5%

75-:1470, 32.4 %

7

Hamdorf et al. [12] 2002, Australia

1998

773, (60+yr)

Social Environmental Risk Context Information System (SERCIS)

Didn’t report the prevalence of whole sample 60–64: 181, 50.8%, 85+:26, 15.4% Figure 2 showed the trend of declining

High quality Regional representative sample Validated questionnaire

8

Merom et al. [13] 2009, Australia

1998

2068, (65+yr)

The NSW Population health survey

532, 25.73%

High quality Regional representative sample Validated questionnaire

65-74: 1357,28.0

75+: 711, 21.4

2002

3420, (65+yr)

The NSW Population health survey

970, 28.35%

65-74: 2038,30.9%

75+: 1382, 24.6%

2003

3577, (65+yr)

The NSW Population health survey

899, 25.13%

65-74: 2022,29.3%

75+:1555,19.7%

2004

2706, (65+yr)

The NSW Population health survey

781, 28.85%

65-74:1552, 32.3%

75+: 1154, 24.2%

2005

3391, (65+yr)

The NSW Population health survey

985, 29.04%

65-74:1921, 32.9%

75+: 1470, 24.0%

2006

2388, (65+yr)

The NSW Population health survey

744, 31.17%

65-74: 1318,35.7%

75+: 1070, 25.6%

9

Heesch & Brown [14] 2008, Australia

1999

3613 F, 75.28 (73–78 yr)

Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health

1572, 43.5%

High quality National representative sample Validated questionnaire

10

Lim & Taylor [15] 2005, Australia

1999

8881, 5045 F, 73.8 (95%CI 73.6–74.0yr)

NSW Older People’s Health Survey (OPHS)

4343, 48.9% Women, 39.7%, Men, 61.1%

High quality Regional representative sample Validated questionnaire

11

Lawlor et al. [16] 2002, UK

1999-2000

2341 F (60-79yr)

British Women’s Heart and Health Study

Domestic PA included 1561, 66.7% Domestic PA excluded 492, 21% Domestic activity (heavy house work and heavy gardening/DIY)

High quality National representative sample Validated questionnaire

12

Hillsdon et al. [17] 2008, UK

1999-2001

4103 F, (60-79yr)

British Women’s Heart and Health Study

926, 22.57%

High quality National representative sample Validated questionnaire

13

Brown et al. [18] 2003, USA

2001

30146 (65+yr), 17081 F

BRFSS

11305, 37.5%, Men: 42.03%

Women: 31.90%

High quality National representative sample, Validated questionnaire

14

Brown et al. [19] 2005, USA

2001

22174 (65+yr), 13834 F

BRFSS

9202, 41.50%, Men: 47.38%, 65–74: 5369,49.3%75+ : 2971,43.9%

Women: 37.96% 65–74: 8059, 41.3% 75+: 5775, 33.3%

High quality National representative sample, Validated questionnaire

15

Ashe et al. [20] 2009, Canada

2000-2001

24233 (65+yr), 60%F (76% reported having one or more chronic diseases)

Canadian Community Health Survey Cycle 1.1

No chronic disease

One or more chronic disease

High quality National representative sample Validated questionnaire

Total

7318, 30.2%

5622, 23.2%

Women

65-74

26.7%

21.9%

75-84

18.1%

12.7%

85+

14.5%

7.4%

Men

65-74

40.6%

38.0%

75-84

35.9%

27.3%

85+

26.9%

20.8%

16

US CDC [21] 2007, USA

2001

(65+yr), ( whole sample 205,140)

BRFSS

Men 43.1% women 32.2%

High quality National representative sample Validated questionnaire

2005

(65+yr), ( whole sample 356,112)

BRFSS

Men 44.5% women 36.3%

17

Muntner et al [22] 2005, China

2000-2001

1824 (65-79yr), 939 M

InterASIA study

821, 45%

High quality National representative sample Validated questionnaire

Rural 52.7%

Urban 9.8%

18

Benedetti et al. [23] 2008, Brazil

2002

875, 71.6 ± 7.9 (65-101yr), 437M

A representative survey: Profile of Old Persons in the Municipality of Florianópolis

519, 59.3% Men 63.6%

Women 55%

High quality Regional representative sample Validated questionnaire

19

Ding et al. [24] 2009, China

2002

799 (60+yr)

2002 Beijing Nutrition and Health Survey

254, 31.79% 60–74: 673, 33% 75+: 126, 25.3%

High quality Regional representative sample Validated questionnaire

20

Hallal et al. [25] 2003, Brazil

2002

583 (60+yr), 360F

Cross-sectional survey Pelotas, Brazil

270, 46.3% 60–69:307,56.2% 70+:276,35.3% Men 60–69:124,55.4% 70+:99,43%

Women 60–69:183,56.8% 70+: 177,30.3%

High quality Regional representative sample Validated questionnaire

21

Knuth et al. [26] 2010 Brazil

2007

(65+yr), (whole sample 2969)

Cross-sectional survey Pelotas, Brazil

60-69: 42.7% 70+: 23.7%

High quality Regional representative sample Validated questionnaire

22

Meyer [27] 2005 Switzerland

2002

4057 (65+yr)

Swiss Health Survey*

Total: 2739, 67.51%

High quality National representative sample Validated questionnaire

65-79: 3257, 80.9%

80+: 800, 58.1%

Sports/exercise

Total: 515, 12.7%

65-79: 25.5%

80+: 24.77%

Habitual

Total: 2314, 57.04%

80+: 51.7%

65-79: 45.4%

23

Frank et al. [28] 2010, USA

2001-2002

1970 (65+yr)

Strategies for Metropolitan Atlanta’s Regional Transportation and Air Quality(SMARTRAQ study, Atlanta region)

Total: 791, 40.16% 65–74:1198, 42.7% 75–84: 622, 38.0% 85+:150, 28.8%

High quality Regional representative sample Validated questionnaire

24

Guinn et al. [29] 2002, USA

Unclear,earlier than 2002

244 (60-81yr), 162 or 170 F

Cross-sectional survey in a retirement area, Texas

136, 55.74% men: (82) 74, 66.57% women: (162)170, 50.59%

Weak quality Sample bias likely due to recruitment procedure Testing of instrument not reported. % of male or female was inconsistent in the paper

25

Taylor-Piliae et al. [30] 2006, USA

2001-2004

1010, 65.8 ±2.8 (60–69yr), 631 M

Healthy control of Atherosclerotic disease vascular function and genetic epidemiology (ADVANCE) Study

All domain PA measured by Stanford Seven-Day PA Recall 646, 64%

High quality Sample was selected from a medical insurance programme Validated questionnaire

On-the-job activity and leisure-time activities measured by Stanford Brief Activity Survey 616, 61%, Men 61.5% women 60.7%

26

Allender et al, [31] 2008, UK

2003

1181 (65+yr)

Health Survey for England (HsfE)

Occupational PA included

Occupational PA excluded

High quality National representative sample Validated questionnaire

138, 11.67%

128, 10.86%

Men:14.68%

Men: 13.3%

65-74: 740, 18%

65-74: 740,16.4

75+: 441, 9.1%

75+: 441, 8.7%

Women: 9.41%

Women: 9.03%

65-74: 853, 13.7%

65-74: 853, 13.0%

75+: 717, 4.3%

75+: 717, 4.3%

27

Florindo et al. [32] 2009, Brazil

2003

(60-65yr), the whole sample was 1318

Health Survey of the Municipality of Sao Paulo

Total PA 899, 68.2%

High quality Regional representative sample Validated questionnaire

LTPA 232, 17.6%

Transportation 83, 6.3%

Occupational 250, 19%

Household 585, 44.4%

28

Joubert et al. [33] 2007, South Africa

2003

(60+yr)

World Health Survey 2003

Men

Women

High quality National representative sample Method of sample recruitment not reported Validated questionnaire

60-69: 21.2%

60-69: 18.4%

70+: 22.3%

70+: 10%

29

Meisner et al. [34] 2010, Canada

2003

12042 (60+yr), 6823F

Part of Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS; Cycle 2.1)

2565, 21.3%

High quality National representative sample Validated questionnaire

30

Mummery et al. [35] 2007, New Zealand

2003

1894 (60+yr), 1009 F

Obstacles to Action Survey

974, 51.4%

 

High quality National representative sample Validated questionnaire

Men 55.2%

Women 47.4%

60-64:603, 56.5

65-69: 445, 52.8%

70-74: 363, 51.1%

75-79: 270, 47.7%

80+: 213, 32.3%

 

31

McGuire et al. [36] 2006, USA

2003

36,010 F (65+yr)

BFRSS

6986, 19.4%

 

High quality National representative sample Validated questionnaire

65-69:10071, 23.0%

70-74: 9150, 21.3%

75-79: 7909, 18.5%

80-84: 5580, 15.6%

85+: 3300, 13.6%

 

32

Pronk et al. [37] 2004, USA

not reported, 2002-2004

685,74.5± 6.7yr

Stratified random sample of HealthPartners membership, used questions from the BRFSS

279, 40.7%

High quality Stratified random sample Validated questionnaire

33

Stamatakis et al. [38] 2007, UK

2003

2763 (65+yr), 1187 M

Health Survey for England (HsfE)

Domestic excluded

Domestic included

High quality National representative sample Validated questionnaire

Total

172, 6.23%

306, 11.09%

Men

7.6%

13.6%

Women

5.2%

9.2%

34

DiSipio et al. [39] 2006, Australia

2004

1588 (60-75yr)

Queensland Cancer Risk Study (Active Australia Survey)

891, 56.1%

High quality Regional representative sample Validated questionnaire

35

Ready et al. [40] 2009, Canada

2005

889 (65+yr)

Cross-sectional survey of random sample, Winnipeg, Canada

CPAG

 

High quality Regional representative sample Validated questionnaire

Men

Women

65-79: 46.9%

65-79: 54.4%

80+: 24.4%

80+: 40%

3KKD

  

Men

Women

65-79: 63.4%

65-79: 63.7%

80+: 42.2%

80+: 48.2%

36

Panagiotakos et al. [41] 2007, Cyprus

2004-2005

117 (65+yr)

Health and nutrition survey of elderly people in Cyprus (group without diabetes)

67, 57.26%

High quality Random sample from multi-geographical area Validated questionnaire

37

Sims et al. [42] 2007, Australia

not reported 2005-2006

330 (65+yr), 190F

Cross-sectional survey using AAS questions Victoria, Australia

187, 56.7%

High quality Regional representative sample Validated questionnaire

Men:61% Women:54.2%

65-69: 63, 54%70–74: 63, 50.8%

75-79: 49, 70%80–85:23, 56.5%

85+: 9, 44.4%*

38

Tucker et al. [43] 2011, USA

2005–2006

1018 (60+yr)

NHANES 2005–2006, self-reported data

PAGA 2008(MPA+VPA)

High quality National representative sample Validated questionnaire

534, 52.44%

60-69: 441, 59.7% 70+: 577, 46.9%

PAGA 2008(MPA+2VPA)

 

538, 52.89%

60-69: 441, 60.6% 70+: 577, 47.0%

500 MET-min•wk-1

 

572, 56.22%

60-69: 441, 63.6% 70+: 577, 50.8%

39

Tyrovolas et al. [44] 2009, Mediterranean Islands from Greece and Cyprus

2005-2007

930 non-diabetic 74±7.1yr

MEDIS (MEDiterranean Islands) study but the Measurement and criteria changed slightly between other Cyprus study

353, 38%

High quality Random sample from multi-geographical area Validated questionnaire

40

Gómez et al. [45] 2010, Colombia

2007

1966, 70.7±7.7yr

Multilevel cross-sectional study, Bogotá

1227, 62.4%

High quality Random sample from multi neighbourhood in one city Validate questionnaire

41

McGuire et al. [46] 2010, USA

2007

6138 (65+yr)

BRFSS 2007 of Hawaii, Kansas &Washington

2671, 43.51%

High quality Regional representative sample Validated questionnaire

42

Xu et al. [47] 2009, China

2007

407 (65-69yr)

Cross- sectional survey, Guangdong Province using GPAQ

Rural 60.9%

High quality Regional representative sample Validated questionnaire

Unban 82.6%

43

US CDC, [48] 2008, USA

2007

(65+yr), (whole sample 399,107)

BRFSS

HP 2010

High quality National representative sample Validated questionnaire

39.3%

PAGA 2008

51.2%

44

Bird et al. [49] 2008, Australia

not reported 2006-2008

66F (69.3 ± 6.7yr)

Cross-sectional survey Western Region of Melbourne

55, 83%, Small sample

Moderate quality Non-random small sample Validated measurement

45

Carlson et al. [50] 2010, USA

2008

2008 (65+yr), (whole sample 21,781)

National Health Interview Survey employed light-moderate to substitute moderate

PAGA 2008

High quality National representative sample Validated questionnaire

30.4%

HP 2010

22.6%

46

Hurtig-Wennlof et al. [51] 2010, Sweden

not reported before 2009

54 (66-85yr), 31F

Direct validity study using accelerometer-measured PA

39, 72.22%

Moderate quality Small convenience sample Modified version of validated instrument and Testing of instrument reported.

47

Shores et al. [52] 2009, USA

not reported Before 2009

448 (65+yr),238 M

Cross-sectional survey Western North Carolina used 7-day recall

134, 29.9%

Moderate quality Random sample Low response rate Testing of instrument not reported.

48

Xue [53] 2010, China

2010

2015 (60-75yr),910M

Coss-sectional survey Nanjing, Jiangsu province

956, 47.44%, Men:44.2% Women: 50.1%

Moderate quality Non-random sample, Validated questionnaire

49

Fleming et al. [54] 2007, USA

1997–2003

43,259 , 74.9± 6.9 yr, 16198M

National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)

8695, 20.1% (age adjusted 21.1%), Men: 25.6%, (25.8% adjusted), Women: 16.8%, (17.6% adjusted)

High quality National representative sample, Validated questionnaire