Usual gait speed | Fast gait speed | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | General | Slower | Intermediate | Faster | p | Slower | Intermediate | Faster | p |
(N=385) | (N=75) | (N=207) | (N=103) | (N=58) | (N=218) | (N=109) | |||
Demographics | |||||||||
Age, years | 71.4 (5.7) | 75.0 (7.1) | 70.8 (5.0) | 69.8 (4.7) | <0.001 | 74.7 (6.6) | 71.2 (5.4) | 69.9 (4.8) | <0.001 |
Female, n (%) | 248 (64.4) | 52 (69.3) | 151 (72.9) | 45 (43.7) | <0.001 | 45 (77.6) | 158 (72.5) | 45 (41.3) | <0.001 |
Illiterate, n (%) | 111 (28.9) | 29 (38.7) | 61 (31.8) | 21 (20.4) | 0.028 | 22 (37.9) | 69 (31.8) | 20 (18.3) | 0.011 |
Income level | |||||||||
0.0–1.0 | 189 (51.5) | 41 (56.9) | 109 (55.3) | 39 (39.8) | 0.103 | 32 (59.3) | 115 (55.6) | 42 (39.6) | 0.003 |
1.1–3.0 | 128 (34.9) | 23 (31.9) | 64 (32.5) | 41 (41.8) | 19 (35.2) | 70 (33.8) | 39 (36.8) | ||
≥ 3.1 | 50 (13.6) | 8 (11.1) | 24 (12.2) | 18 (18.4) | 3 (5.6) | 22 (10.6) | 25 (23.6) | ||
Race/ethnicity, n (%) | |||||||||
White | 184 (47.8) | 37 (49.3) | 105 (50.7) | 42 (40.8) | 0.531 | 28 (48.3) | 106 (48.6) | 50 (45.9) | 0.499 |
Black | 43 (11.2) | 11 (14.7) | 18 (8.7) | 14 (13.6) | 10 (17.2) | 21 (9.6) | 12 (11.0) | ||
Pardo or brown | 143 (37.1) | 24 (32.0) | 76 (36.7) | 43 (41.7) | 17 (29.3) | 85 (39.0) | 41 (37.6) | ||
Mental health | |||||||||
MMSE score, points | 23.9 (3.5) | 22.2 (3.7) | 23.9 (3.3) | 25.1 (3.3) | <0.001 | 22.1 (3.7) | 23.7 (3.3) | 25.2 (3.1) | <0.001 |
Depressive symptoms, n (%) | 76 (19.7) | 17 (22.7) | 47 (22.7) | 12 (11.7) | 0.001 | 17 (29.3) | 43 (19.7) | 16 (14.7) | 0.077 |
High concern of falling, n (%) | 192 (49.9) | 55 (73.3) | 109 (52.7) | 28 (27.2) | <0.001 | 43 (74.1) | 118 (54.1) | 31 (28.4) | <0.001 |
Physical health | |||||||||
Heart disease, n (%) | 77 (20) | 19 (25.3) | 42 (20.3) | 16 (15.5) | 0.269 | 40 (69.0) | 49 (22.5) | 16 (14.7) | 0.249 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 249 (64.7) | 52 (69.3) | 135 (65.2) | 62 (60.2) | 0.44 | 8 (13.8) | 150 (68.8) | 59 (54.1) | 0.025 |
Stroke, n (%) | 28 (7.3) | 11 (14.7) | 13 (6.3) | 4 (3.9) | 0.017 | 22 (37.9) | 17 (7.8) | 3 (2.8) | 0.029 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 110 (28.6) | 33 (44.0) | 56 (27.1) | 21 (20.4) | 0.002 | 21 (36.2) | 66 (30.3) | 22 (20.2) | 0.038 |
Arthritis, n (%) | 89 (23.1) | 27 (36.0) | 48 (23.2) | 14 (13.6) | 0.002 | 4 (6.9) | 55 (25.2) | 13 (11.9) | 0.001 |
Lung disease, n (%) | 37 (9.6) | 9 (12.0) | 18 (8.7) | 10 (9.7) | 0.714 | 23 (39.7) | 23 (10.6) | 10 (9.2) | 0.685 |
Urinary incontinence, n (%) | 72 (18.8) | 29 (38.7) | 34 (16.4) | 9 (8.8) | <0.001 | 33 (56.9) | 37 (17) | 12 (11) | <0.001 |
“Very good” and “Good” self rated health, n (%) | 203 (52.7) | 33 (44.0) | 107 (51.7) | 63 (61.2) | 0.15 | 24 (41.4) | 116 (53.2) | 63 (57.8) | 0.086 |
Two or more falls, n (%) | 59 (15.3) | 17 (22.7) | 35 (16.9) | 7 (6.8) | 0.01 | 30 (51.7) | 34 (15.6) | 9 (8.3) | 0.004 |
Single fall, n (%) | 153 (39.7) | 33 (44.0) | 85 (41.1) | 35 (34) | 0.342 | 2.95 (1.51) | 86 (39.4) | 37 (33.9) | 0.081 |
Three or more diseases, n (%) | 140 (36.6) | 43 (58.1) | 75 (36.4) | 22 (21.6) | <0.001 | 33 (56.9) | 84 (38.9) | 23 (21.3) | <0.001 |
Polypharmacy | 133 (34.5) | 39 (52.0) | 70 (33.8) | 24 (23.3) | <0.001 | 30 (51.7) | 80 (36.7) | 23 (21.1) | <0.001 |
Fatigue, n (%) | 43 (11.2) | 12 (16.0) | 27 (13.0) | 4 (3.9) | 0.018 | 10 (17.2) | 28 (12.8) | 5 (4.6) | 0.023 |
Physical functioning | |||||||||
77 (20) | 31 (41.3) | 37 (17.9) | 9 (8.7) | <0.001 | 25 (43.1) | 38 (17.4) | 14 (12.8) | <0.001 | |
Low PAL | |||||||||
Impaired ADL, n (%) | 25 (6.6) | 11 (15.1) | 11 (5.3) | 3 (3.0) | 0.004 | 10 (17.9) | 12 (5.5) | 3 92.8) | 0.001 |