From: The social ecology of water in a Mumbai slum: failures in water quality, quantity, and reliability
Water indicator | Study period | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Winter | Summer | Monsoon | System failure4 | |
Water costs | ||||
Monthly spending on water in INR1,2 | 379.8 (139.8) | 1022.0 (676.6) | 378.6 (114.1) | -- |
Mean (SD) | ||||
Monthly spending on water in USD2,3 | 6.91 (2.54) | 18.58 (12.30) | 6.88 (2.07) | -- |
Mean (SD) | ||||
Monthly spending on water as a percentage of the mean household income in KB2 | 5.9% | 15.9% | 5.9% | -- |
Estimated cost in INR per 1000 liters of water2 | 145.4 (87.0) | 327.9 (258.9) | 117.9 (56.6) | 463.1 (297.2) |
Mean (SD) | ||||
Estimated cost in USD per 1000 liters of water2 | 2.64 (1.58) | 5.96 (4.71) | 2.14 (1.03) | 8.42 (5.40) |
Mean (SD) | ||||
Comparison to government rate of INR 2.25 per 1000 liters of water2 | 65 | 146 | 52 | 206 |
Number of times more expensive | ||||
Quantity of household water use | ||||
Liters per capita per day of water use | 22.6 (12.6) | 31.2 (23.6) | 25.6 (13.2) | 23.8 (14.2) |
Mean (SD) | ||||
Households using <50 liters per capita per day | 20 (95.2) | 17 (80.95) | 19 (90.4) | 20 (95.2) |
n (%) | ||||
Households using <20 liters per capita per day | 9 (42.9) | 8 (38.1) | 8 (38.1) | 10 (47.6) |
n (%) |