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Table 2 Neonatal mortality rate for the 10-year period preceding the survey, by child sex, geographical location and socio-economic characteristics*

From: Neonatal health in Nepal: analysis of absolute and relative inequalities and impact of current efforts to reduce neonatal mortality

 

Neonatal mortality rate

Annual rate of reduction

NFHS 1996

NDHS 2001

NDHS 2006

NDHS 2011

(1996–2011)

Child sex

     

  Male

65.1

51.8

38.6

36.9

3.8

  Female

49.6

42.6

36.8

33.1

2.7

  Rate difference

15.5

9.2

1.8

3.8

na

  Rate ratio

1.3

1.2

1.0

1.1

na

Residence

     

  Urban

43.2

35.9

24.6

25.3

3.6

  Rural

58.5

48.1

39.6

36.2

3.2

  Rate difference

15.3

12.2

15.0

10.9

na

  Rate ratio

1.4

1.3

1.6

1.4

na

Ecological region

     

  Mountain

70.8

63.7

58.9

45.6

2.9

  Hill

50.3

41.9

28.6

32.9

2.8

  Terai

61.7

49

41.4

35.1

3.8

  Rate difference

20.5

21.8

30.3

12.7

na

  Rate ratio

1.4

1.5

2.1

1.4

na

Development region

     

  Eastern

56.7

50.1

32.5

29.3

4.4

  Central

55.5

47.6

34.8

36.7

2.8

  Western

52.0

38.9

34.5

37.0

2.3

  Mid-western

63.0

40.3

55.9

33.6

4.2

  Far-western

67.0

63.8

39.7

40.9

3.3

  Rate difference

15.0

24.9

23.4

11.6

na

  Rate ratio

1.3

1.6

1.7

1.4

na

Maternal education

     

  No education

59.5

51.1

43.3

40.3

2.6

  Primary

51.6

41.1

34.1

33.6

2.9

  Secondary or higher

41.6

24.3

20.3

26.2

3.1

  Rate difference

17.9

26.8

23.0

14.1

na

  Rate ratio

1.4

2.1

2.1

1.5

na

Wealth status

     

  Poorest

56.4

48.5

42.7

35.6

3.1

  Poorer

63.4

56.0

37.6

40.0

3.1

  Middle

65.8

46.9

46.9

39.2

3.5

  Richer

53.3

47.2

30.4

36.9

2.5

  Richest

47.0

32.1

26.3

18.6

6.2

  Rate difference

18.8

23.9

20.6

21.4

na

  Rate ratio

1.4

1.7

1.8

2.2

na

Caste and ethnicity

     

  Brahmin, Chhetri, Newar

52.6

43.9

33.1

31.0

3.5

  Dalits

58.1

51.6

43.9

36.4

3.1

  Janajati

51.7

47.9

34.0

34.6

2.7

  Other

72.2

49.2

44.5

42.6

3.5

  Rate difference

20.5

7.7

11.4

11.6

na

  Rate ratio

1.4

1.2

1.3

1.4

na

National

57.5

47.2

37.7

35.1

3.3

  1. *In each survey, the groups with the highest and lowest neonatal mortality were used to calculate rate differences and rate ratios. Please note some fluctuation between years in terms of the groups performing best or worst.