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Table 2 Unadjusted and adjusted associations with disease outcomes: (1) type-2 diabetes and (2) insulin resistance (type-2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome); n = 402

From: High prevalence of type 2 diabetes among the urban middle class in Bangladesh

Variable

Type-2 diabetes

Insulin resistance

 

Unadjusted

Adjusted

Unadjusted

Adjusted

 

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

Age

    

  30 to 40 (ref)

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

  41 to 50

3.17 (1.64, 6.14) *

2.97 (1.51, 5.86) *

1.95 (1.13, 3.36) *

1.92 (1.08, 3.44) *

  51 to 60

3.86 (1.99, 7.47) *

3.73 (1.89, 7.34) *

3.07 (1.76, 5.36) *

3.44 (1.88, 6.30) *

  >60

9.00 (4.48, 18.1) *

7.02 (3.31, 14.9) *

5.96 ( 3.11, 11.4) *

7.16 (3.51, 14.6) *

Sex

    

  Male (ref)

1.0

 

1.0

1.0

  Female

1.34 (0.89, 2.03)

 

2.01 (1.35, 3.00) *

1.84 (1.17, 2.89) *

Education (years)

    

  University (ref)

1.0

 

1.0

 

  High school + college

1.16 (0.73, 1.82)

 

0.98 (0.64, 1.50)

 

  Primary  school

1.70 (0.94, 3.09)

 

1.47 (0.81, 2.66)

 

Currently married

    

  Yes (ref)

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

  No

2.33 (1.37, 3.96) *

1.69 (0.92, 3.09)

2.12 (1.21, 3.71) *

1.62 (0.84, 3.14)

Currently employed

    

  Yes (ref)

1.0

1.0

1.0

 

  No

2.21 (1.45, 3.38) *

1.43 (0.88, 2.32)

2.51 (1.68, 3.75) *

 

Living in Dhaka

    

  Native (ref)

1.0

 

1.0

 

  Migrant

1.13 (0.71, 1.78)

 

0.96 (0.62, 1.49)

 

Body mass index (kg/m2)

    

  Lean or normal, <25.0 (ref)

1.0

 

1.0

1.0

  Overweight, 25.1 -30.0

0.94 (0.59, 1.50)

 

1.81 (1.16, 2.84) *

1.88 (1.12, 3.13) *

  Obese, >30.0

1.33 (0.76, 2.30)

 

2.60 (1.49, 4.53) *

2.17 (1.15, 4.09) *

Smoking

    

  Non-smoker (ref)

1.0

 

1.0

 

  Former smoker

1.28 (0.71, 2.31)

 

0.87 (0.48, 1.55)

 

  Current smoker

0.70 (0.39, 1.24)

 

0.64 (0.37, 1.08)

 

Smoke-less tobacco use

    

  No (ref)

1.0

 

1.0

 

  Yes

2.06 (1.19, 3.56) *

 

1.44 (0.82, 2.50)

 

Family history of diabetes

    

  No (ref)

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

  Yes

2.01 (1.32, 3.04) *

2.17 (1.38, 3.41) *

2.07 (1.38, 3.09) *

1.98 (1.26, 3.10) *

Wealth index Ψ

    

  0 (ref)

1.0

 

1.0

1.0

  1-2

1.80 (1.12, 2.89) *

 

1.83 (1.18, 2.84) *

1.14 (0.70, 1.88)

  3-4

1.83 (0.96, 3.48)

 

3.56 (1.84, 6.88) *

1.84 (0.89, 3.77)

  1. Logistic regression was used to build the adjusted model.
  2. * indicates p-value < 0.05.
  3. For each outcome the most parsimonious model was selected and odds ratios (95% CI) are provided for the variables that remained in the final model. Any variable without an estimate indicates that it was not retained in the final model.
  4. Ψ based on owning an apartment/house, private car, instant power source, or air conditioner; one point for each item.