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Table 4 Rate ratios (95% CIs) for the longitudinal associations between selected social distal and social ultimate variables and multiple behavioral risk factors (n = 1135), National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, 2000-2005a

From: Individual and social determinants of multiple chronic disease behavioral risk factors among youth

 

Rate ratiob 95% CIc

Rate ratiob 95% CIc

Rate ratiob 95% CIc

 

Model 1

  

Model 2

  

Model 3

  
 

Social characteristics

  

Social characteristics

  

Social characteristics

  
 

Ultimate

  

Distal

  

Ultimate

  
 

Family structure

  

PMK smoking status

  

Family structure

  
 

2 parents

1

Referent

Nonsmoker

1

Referent

2 parents

1

Referent

 

1 parent

1.07

0.98, 1.17

Smoker

1.10

1.05, 1.15

1 parent

1.05

0.97, 1.12

 

PMK Education

  

PMK drinking status

  

PMK Education

  
 

Low (< 12 years of school)

1

Referent

Nondrinker

1

Referent

Low (< 12 years of school)

1

Referent

 

High (≥l2 years of school)

0.94

0.88, 1.01

Drinker

1.01

0.97, 1.06

High (≥l2 years of school)

0.98

0.92, 1.04

 

Annual household income

  

Parent-child relationshipd

0.99

0.99, 1.00

Annual household income

  
 

< CAN$30,000

1

Referent

Peer smoking

  

< CAN$30,000

1

Referent

 

CAN$30,000 -59,999

1.01

0.94, 1.09

No peers

1

Referent

CAN$30,000 -59,999

1.01

0.94, 1.08

 

CAN$60,000 -89,999

1.07

0.98, 1.16

A few peers

1.14

1.06, 1.22

CAN$60,000 -89,999

1.09

1.00, 1.17

 

≥CAN$90,000

1.03

0.93, 1.13

Most/All peers

1.41

1.27, 1.56

≥CAN$90,000

1.04

0.96, 1.14

 

Time

  

Peer drinking

  

Distal

  
 

1 (Cycle 4)

1

Referent

No peers

1

Referent

PMK smoking status

  
 

2 (Cycle 5)

1.10

1.05, 1.16

A few peers

1.13

1.06, 1.21

Nonsmoker

1

Referent

 

3 (Cycle 6)

1.41

1.34, 1.49

Most/All peers

1.26

1.17, 1.37

Smoker

1.10

1.05, 1.15

 

Intercept

2.10

1.94, 2.29

Peer-child relationshipe

0.99

0.98, 1.00

PMK drinking status

  
    

Time

  

Nondrinker

1

Referent

    

1 (Cycle 4)

1

Referent

Drinker

1.01

0.97, 1.05

    

2 (Cycle 5)

1.06

1.01, 1.11

Parent-child relationshipd

0.99

0.99, 1.00

    

3 (Cycle 6)

1.16

1.09, 1.24

Peer smoking

  
    

Intercept

2.75

2.45, 3.08

No peers

1

Referent

       

A few peers

1.14

1.06, 1.22

       

Most/All peers

1.41

1.27, 1.57

       

Peer drinking

  
       

No peers

1

Referent

       

A few peers

1.13

1.06, 1.21

       

Most/All peers

1.26

1.17, 1.36

       

Peer-child relationshipe

0.99

0.98, 1.00

       

Time

  
       

1 (Cycle 4)

1

Referent

       

2 (Cycle 5)

1.05

1.00, 1.11

       

3 (Cycle 6)

1.15

1.08, 1.23

       

Intercept

2.71

2.39, 3.07

-2 Log Lf

1349.28

  

1117.23

  

1107.07

  

Log L ratiog

22.03***

  

254.07***

  

264.24***

  

DF

5

  

8

  

13

  
  1. CAN = Canadian; CI = confidence interval; DF = degrees of freedom; PMK = person most knowledgeable.
  2. a Multiple behavioral risk factor score was the dependent variable.
  3. b Rate ratios from the multivariate longitudinal Poisson regression model with adjustment for all covariates in the corresponding model and time (cycles).
  4. c CIs were computed using bootstrap weights to account for the complex sampling design of the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth.
  5. d The parent-child relationship was assessed using a global score ranging from 0 to 28, with higher scores indicating a better relationship between parents and child.
  6. e Peer-child relationships were assessed using a global score ranging from 0 to 16, with higher scores indicating a better relationship between the child and his/her peers.
  7. f -2 (log-likelihood) for the model containing each specific block of distal and/or ultimate variables. The -2 (log-likelihood) of the initial (intercept-only + time) model was 1371.31.
  8. g Log-likelihood ratio or change in -2 (log-likelihood) compared to the initial (intercept-only + time) model.
  9. ***p < .001.