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Table 2 Covariate adjusted hazard ratio table

From: Higher levels of psychological distress are associated with a higher risk of incident diabetes during 18 year follow-up: results from the British household panel survey

Covariate

HR1

95% CI

p-value

HRCovariate-adjusted 2

Change3

% Change4

High distress [age adj.]

1.33

1.10-1.61

0.003

-

-

-

Sociodemographic factors

      

Age

1.04

1.03-1.04

<0.001

1.33

-

-

Female sex [ref male]

0.74

0.62-0.90

0.002

1.37

0.030

10.36

Marital status [ref unmarried]

1.18

0.96-1.45

0.120

1.34

0.006

2.25

Lower education [ref medium]

1.29

1.02-1.64

0.037

1.29

−0.028

−9.37

Higher education [ref lower]

0.80

0.62-1.03

0.084

   

Race/ethnicity [ref white]

2.63

1.27-4.02

<0.001

1.33

−0.003

−0.95

Annual household income <15,000 [ref 15,000 - <35,000]

1.10

0.89-1.35

0.398

1.31

−0.013

−4.52

Annual household income ≥ 35,000 [ref 15,000 - <35,000]

0.60

0.39-0.91

0.016

   

Health

      

More energetic [ref same energy]

0.74

0.59-0.93

0.009

1.14

−0.155

−54.25

Less energy [ref same energy]

2.09

1.65-2.66

<0.001

   

Health status [ref ‘no’]

2.36

1.88-2.95

<0.001

1.19

−0.114

−39.90

One/some health problems [ref ‘none’]

1.70

1.38-2.10

<0.001

1.26

−0.055

−19.20

Lifestyle

      

Inactive/sedentary [ref moderately active]

0.95

0.74-1.23

0.698

1.31

−0.013

−4.54

Active [ref moderately active]

0.72

0.57-0.89

0.003

   

Smoking [ref no]

1.17

0.95-1.44

0.137

1.32

−0.006

−2.21

Additional analysis 5

      

BMI [kg/m2]

1.12

1.11-1.14

<0.001

1.29

0.013

5.38

BMI category ≤ 18.5 [ref 18.5-24.9]

2.19

0.95-5.06

0.065

1.29

0.009

3.61

BMI category 25.0-29.9 [ref 18.5-24.9]

2.09

1.55-2.81

<0.001

   

BMI category ≥ 30 [ref 18.5-24.9]

6.13

4.61-8.14

<0.001

   
  1. 1 The HR of each individual covariate is reported, adjusted for high distress and age. Health status and health problems are additionally adjusted for time dependent interactions (not shown).
  2. 2 The ‘HRcovariate adjusted’ is the HR of high distress, adjusted for age and each covariate independently.
  3. 3 Change in the strength (logHR) of association of high distress before and after each covariate adjustment = Change in logHR = (Bcrude model – Bnew model), and B = logHR.
  4. 4 The percentage change = 100*(Change in logHR)/Bcrude model. Absolute changes >1% were considered relevant, and included in subsequent multivariate regression models.
  5. 5 Information on BMI was not available until wave 13, and separate analysis were done for BMI, based on 452 diabetes events and 4780 cases. The age adjusted HR of high distress was 1.28 (95% CI = 1.03-1.57, p = .023) in that sample size.