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Table 1 Characteristics of the cohort (overall and sub-study population)

From: Maternal characteristics during pregnancy and risk factors for positive HIV RNA at delivery: a single-cohort observational study (Brescia, Northern Italy)

 

Pregnant women (all)

Pregnant women (HIV RNA available within 30 days before delivery)

Characteristic

N

Italians

Non-Italians

p

N

Italians

Non-Italians

p

Age (mean years, SD)

154

33.7 (6.2)

29.8 (4.9)

<0.0001

93

32.8 (6)

30 (4.4)

0.004

Risk factor for HIV infection (N, %)

154

   

93

   

   Heterosexual intercourse

 

39 (54.2)

69 (84.1)

  

22 (56.4)

46 (85.2)

 

   IVDU

 

29 (40.2)

2 (2.4)

  

13 (33.3)

0

 

   Mother-to-child

 

2 (2.8)

0

  

2 (5.1)

0

 

   Parenteral

 

0

3 (3.7)

  

0

3 (5.6)

 

   Unknown

 

2 (2.8)

8 (9.8)

<0.0001

 

2 (5.1)

5 (9.3)

<0.0001

Calendar year at HIV diagnosis (N, %)

144

   

86

   

   ≤1990

 

16 (23.9)

2 (2.6)

  

9 (25.7)

1 (2)

 

   1991-1995

 

19 (28.4)

1 (1.3)

  

10 (28.6)

1 (2)

 

   1996-2000

 

7 (10.4)

15 (19.5)

  

3 (8.6)

7 (13.7)

 

   2001-2005

 

20 (29.8)

42 (54.5)

  

10 (28.6)

28 (54.9)

 

   ≥2006

 

5 (7.5)

17 (22.1)

<0.0001

 

3 (8.6)

14 (27.4)

<0.0001

Calendar year at pregnancy (N, %)

154

   

93

   

   1999

 

0

1 (1.2)

  

0

0

 

   2000

 

0

0

  

0

0

 

   2001

 

0

1 (1.2)

  

0

0

 

   2002

 

1 (1.4)

2 (2.4)

  

1 (2.6)

2 (3.7)

 

   2003

 

9 (12.5)

6 (7.3)

  

2 (5.1)

2 (3.7)

 

   2004

 

12 (16.7)

12 (14.6)

  

8 (20.5)

5 (9.3)

 

   2005

 

15 (20.9)

14 (17.1)

  

7 (18)

11 (20.4)

 

   2006

 

14 (19.4)

18 (22)

  

8 (20.5)

14 (26.9)

 

   2007

 

15 (20.8)

21 (25.6)

  

8 (20.5)

15 (27.8)

 

   2008 (January-July)

 

6 (8.3)

7 (8.6)

0.865

 

5 (12.9)

5 (9.3)

0.764

Previous pregnancies (mean, SD)

121

0.9 (1.1)

1.5 (1.7)

0.078

72

0.8 (0.7)

1.5 (1.5)

0.102

HIV diagnosis related to this pregnancy (N, %)

144

   

86

   

   Previous

 

61 (91.0)

47 (61.0)

  

32 (91.4)

29 (56.9)

 

   During pregnancy

 

6 (9.0)

30 (39.0)

<0.0001

 

3 (8.6)

22 (43.1)

0.001

Pregnancy outcome (N, %)

154

   

93

   

   Delivery

 

55 (76.4)

70 (85.4)

  

39 (100)

54 (100)

 

   Voluntary abortion

 

9 (12.5)

4 (4.9)

     

   Spontaneous abortion

 

5 (6.9)

7 (8.5)

     

   Therapeutic abortion

 

1 (1.4)

0

     

   Unknown

 

2 (2.8)

1 (1.2)

0.445

   

N.A.

CD4+/mm3 at first contact (mean, SD)

154

545.6 (281.5)

417.5 (256.8)

0.003

93

495.1 (273.1)

398.7 (232.9)

0.070

CD4+/mm3 at first contact (N, %)

154

   

93

   

   <200

 

2 (2.8)

12 (14.7)

  

2 (5.1)

9 (16.7)

 

   200-349

 

20 (27.8)

32 (39)

  

13 (33.3)

21 (38.9)

 

   350-499

 

18 (25)

16 (19.5)

  

10 (25.7)

11 (20.4)

 

   ≥500

 

32 (44.4)

22 (26.8)

0.010

 

14 (35.9)

13 (24)

0.250

CD4+/mm3 at pregnancy (mean, SD)

151

485.6 (247.3)

429.6 (252.9)

0.171

93

488 (222.1)

411 (217.2)

0.095

CD4+/mm3 at pregnancy (N, %)

151

   

93

   

   <200

 

6 (8.3)

12 (15.2)

  

2 (5.1)

9 (17)

 

   200-349

 

19 (26.4)

27 (34.2)

  

12 (30.8)

18 (33.3)

 

   350-499

 

16 (22.2)

13 (16.4)

  

6 (15.4)

9 (16.7)

 

   ≥500

 

31 (43.1)

27 (34.2)

0.300

 

19 (48.7)

18 (33.3)

0.265

Timing of antiretroviral therapy initiation (N, %)

125

   

93

   

   Before pregnancy

 

41 (74.5)

30 (42.8)

  

28 (71.8)

23 (42.6)

 

   1st trimester

 

4 (7.3)

7 (10)

  

3 (7.7)

7 (13)

 

   2nd trimester

 

8 (14.5)

19 (27.1)

  

7(18)

12 (22.2)

 

   3rd trimester

 

1 (1.8)

5 (7.1)

  

1 (2.6)

4 (7.4)

 

   No therapy

 

1 (1.8)

9 (12.9)

0.006

 

0

8 (14.8)

0.026

Type of antiretroviral therapy at delivery; N (%)

125

   

93

   

   2 NRTIs

 

2 (3.6)

4 (5.7)

  

1 (2.6)

3 (5.6)

 

   3 NRTIs

 

1 (1.8)

0

  

1 (2.6)

1 (1.6)

 

   2 NRTIs + NNRTI

 

18 (32.7)

23 (32.9)

  

12 (30.8)

15 (27.8)

 

   2 NRTIs + PI

 

30 (54.5)

27 (38.6)

  

24 (61.5)

24 (44.4)

 

   Other regimens

 

4 (7.2)

3 (4.2)

  

1 (2.6)

1 (1.6)

 

   No cART

 

0

13 (8.6)

0.065

 

0

10 (18.5)

0.170

Type of antiretroviral therapy at delivery; N (%)

125

   

93

   

   No cART

 

0

13 (18.6)

  

0

10 (18.5)

 

   2 drugs

 

3 (5.4)

6 (8.6)

  

2 (5.1)

4 (7.4)

 

   ≥3 drugs

 

52 (94.6)

51 (72.8)

  

37 (94.9)

40 (74.1)

0.014

  1. N: the number of data available for the characteristics considered. IDVU: intravenous drug users; SD: standard deviation; NRTIs: nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NNRTIs: non nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors; PIs: protease inhibitors; cART: combination antiretroviral therapy; N.A.: not applicable.