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Table 2 Associations between health outcomes and changes in GDP per capita

From: The impact of economic recession on maternal and infant mortality: lessons from history

 

Upper income countries

Middle/low income countries All years

 

1936 to 1950

1951 to 1965

1966 to 1980

1981 to 2005

All years

  
 

VARIABLE MEANS

MMR

257

 

83

 

25

 

7

 

70

 

181

 

IMR

71

 

35

 

18

 

7

 

29

 

56

 

NNMR

30

 

19

 

12

 

4

 

13

   

GDP per cap

5,089

 

7,347

 

12,412

 

19,009

 

12,210

 

3,957

 
 

MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO

 

Coefficient

t-stat

Coefficient

t-stat

Coefficient

t-stat

Coefficient

t-stat

Coefficient

t-stat

Coefficient

t-stat

Change GDP

- 0.22

- 2.95

- 0.73

- 2.30

- 0.93

- 1.56

- 0.06

- 0.10

- 0.22

- 2.11

- 0.77

-4.93

GDP-5

- 0.70

- 5.21

- 0.46

- 3.24

- 1.85

- 5.75

0.14

0.48

- 0.62

- 9.05

- 0.26

-1.99

MMR-5

0.21

2.53

- 0.39

- 8.65

- 0.80

- 6.92

- 0.70

- 8.24

- 0.25

- 11.39

- 0.22

-3.48

CBR-5

0.37

1.58

0.19

1.02

1.14

4.69

1.12

2.85

- 0.25

- 2.41

0.14

2.63

Constant

3.15

2.35

4.94

2.60

16.32

4.80

- 3.00

- 0.83

7.01

7.95

2.49

1.79

Observations

75

 

75

 

85

 

164

 

399

 

212

 

Groups

5

 

5

 

6

 

7

 

7

 

7

 

F statistic

 

29.02

 

27.38

 

16.06

 

24.93

 

35.45

 

10.91

Prob > F

 

<0.001

 

<0.001

 

<0.001

 

<0.01

 

<0.01

 

p < 0.01

 

INFANT MORTALITY RATE

Change GDP

- 0.36

- 4.21

- 0.64

- 5.62

- 0.01

- 0.03

- 0.05

- 0.31

- 0.41

- 11.04

- 0.20

-2.43

GDP-5

- 0.57

- 3.93

- 0.53

- 6.97

- 0.35

- 1.96

- 0.99

- 6.09

- 0.26

- 6.56

- 0.15

-3.65

IMR-5

- 0.56

- 3.79

- 0.57

- 9.94

- 0.38

- 3.00

- 0.51

- 8.39

- 0.18

- 6.62

- 0.11

-3.68

CBR-5

0.85

3.60

0.05

0.71

0.43

7.87

- 0.46

- 5.32

0.06

1.67

- 0.04

-0.85

Constant

4.53

2.91

6.48

6.68

2.96

1.41

11.72

6.38

2.63

5.72

1.63

3.37

Observations

104

 

105

 

105

 

182

 

496

 

294

 

Groups

7

 

7

 

7

 

7

 

7

 

7

 

F statistic

 

11.39

 

39.35

 

20.92

 

44.76

 

33.39

 

26.56

Prob > F

 

p < 0.01

 

p < 0.01

 

p < 0.01

 

p < 0.01

 

p < 0.01

 

p < 0.01