From: The impact of economic recession on maternal and infant mortality: lessons from history
 | Upper income countries | Middle/low income countries All years | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | 1936 to 1950 | 1951 to 1965 | 1966 to 1980 | 1981 to 2005 | All years |  |  | |||||
 | VARIABLE MEANS | |||||||||||
MMR | 257 | Â | 83 | Â | 25 | Â | 7 | Â | 70 | Â | 181 | Â |
IMR | 71 | Â | 35 | Â | 18 | Â | 7 | Â | 29 | Â | 56 | Â |
NNMR | 30 | Â | 19 | Â | 12 | Â | 4 | Â | 13 | Â | Â | Â |
GDP per cap | 5,089 | Â | 7,347 | Â | 12,412 | Â | 19,009 | Â | 12,210 | Â | 3,957 | Â |
 | MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO | |||||||||||
 | Coefficient | t-stat | Coefficient | t-stat | Coefficient | t-stat | Coefficient | t-stat | Coefficient | t-stat | Coefficient | t-stat |
Change GDP | - 0.22 | - 2.95 | - 0.73 | - 2.30 | - 0.93 | - 1.56 | - 0.06 | - 0.10 | - 0.22 | - 2.11 | - 0.77 | -4.93 |
GDP-5 | - 0.70 | - 5.21 | - 0.46 | - 3.24 | - 1.85 | - 5.75 | 0.14 | 0.48 | - 0.62 | - 9.05 | - 0.26 | -1.99 |
MMR-5 | 0.21 | 2.53 | - 0.39 | - 8.65 | - 0.80 | - 6.92 | - 0.70 | - 8.24 | - 0.25 | - 11.39 | - 0.22 | -3.48 |
CBR-5 | 0.37 | 1.58 | 0.19 | 1.02 | 1.14 | 4.69 | 1.12 | 2.85 | - 0.25 | - 2.41 | 0.14 | 2.63 |
Constant | 3.15 | 2.35 | 4.94 | 2.60 | 16.32 | 4.80 | - 3.00 | - 0.83 | 7.01 | 7.95 | 2.49 | 1.79 |
Observations | 75 | Â | 75 | Â | 85 | Â | 164 | Â | 399 | Â | 212 | Â |
Groups | 5 | Â | 5 | Â | 6 | Â | 7 | Â | 7 | Â | 7 | Â |
F statistic | Â | 29.02 | Â | 27.38 | Â | 16.06 | Â | 24.93 | Â | 35.45 | Â | 10.91 |
Prob > F | Â | <0.001 | Â | <0.001 | Â | <0.001 | Â | <0.01 | Â | <0.01 | Â | p < 0.01 |
 | INFANT MORTALITY RATE | |||||||||||
Change GDP | - 0.36 | - 4.21 | - 0.64 | - 5.62 | - 0.01 | - 0.03 | - 0.05 | - 0.31 | - 0.41 | - 11.04 | - 0.20 | -2.43 |
GDP-5 | - 0.57 | - 3.93 | - 0.53 | - 6.97 | - 0.35 | - 1.96 | - 0.99 | - 6.09 | - 0.26 | - 6.56 | - 0.15 | -3.65 |
IMR-5 | - 0.56 | - 3.79 | - 0.57 | - 9.94 | - 0.38 | - 3.00 | - 0.51 | - 8.39 | - 0.18 | - 6.62 | - 0.11 | -3.68 |
CBR-5 | 0.85 | 3.60 | 0.05 | 0.71 | 0.43 | 7.87 | - 0.46 | - 5.32 | 0.06 | 1.67 | - 0.04 | -0.85 |
Constant | 4.53 | 2.91 | 6.48 | 6.68 | 2.96 | 1.41 | 11.72 | 6.38 | 2.63 | 5.72 | 1.63 | 3.37 |
Observations | 104 | Â | 105 | Â | 105 | Â | 182 | Â | 496 | Â | 294 | Â |
Groups | 7 | Â | 7 | Â | 7 | Â | 7 | Â | 7 | Â | 7 | Â |
F statistic | Â | 11.39 | Â | 39.35 | Â | 20.92 | Â | 44.76 | Â | 33.39 | Â | 26.56 |
Prob > F | Â | p < 0.01 | Â | p < 0.01 | Â | p < 0.01 | Â | p < 0.01 | Â | p < 0.01 | Â | p < 0.01 |