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Table 3 Hazard ratios for region comparisons in Cox regression models of CVD incidence and fatalities

From: Geographical variation in cardiovascular incidence: results from the British Women's Heart and Health Study

 

N

South England

Midlands/

Wales

North

England

Scotland

Hazard ratios for incident non-fatal CVD events (95% CI)

Using subset with no missing values for any considered factor

Model 1

2253*

1

0.79 (0.50, 1.26)

0.97 (0.69, 1.37)

0.70 (0.41, 1.19)

Model 2**

2253*

1

0.71 (0.44, 1.14)

0.87 (0.61, 1.25)

0.62 (0.35, 1.12)

Using imputed data for missing values (10 imputations)

Model 1

4281*$

1

0.64 (0.63, 1.23)

1.06 (0.82, 1.36)

0.92 (0.64, 1.33)

Model 2

4281*$

1

0.82 (0.58, 1.15)

0.99 (0.76, 1.29)

0.86 (0.58, 1.28)

Hazard ratios for incident fatal CVD events (95% CI)

Using subset with no missing values for any considered factor

Model 1

2256

1

0.83 (0.38, 1.83)

1.19 (0.67, 2.10)

1.59 (0.78, 3.25)

Model 2

2256

1

0.63 (0.28, 1.41)

0.98 (0.54, 1.76)

1.07 (0.48, 2.37)

Using imputed data for missing values (10 imputations)

Model 1

4284$

1

1.41 (0.91, 2.18)

1.53 (1.06, 2.20)

1.63 (1.01, 2.63)

Model 2

4284$

1

1.13 (0.72, 1.77)

1.19 (0.82, 1.74)

1.09 (0.66, 1.82)

Hazard ratios for combined incident fatal/non-fatal CVD events (95% CI)

Using subset with no missing values for any considered factor

Model 1

2253*

1

0.77 (0.51, 1.16)

1.01 (0.75, 1.36)

0.92 (0.60, 1.41)

Model 2**

2253*

1

0.66 (0.43, 1.00)

0.87 (0.64, 1.19)

0.75 (0.47, 1.19)

Using imputed data for missing values (10 imputations)

Model 1

4281*$

1

0.98 (0.75, 1.28)

1.20 (0.97, 1.48)

1.14 (0.85, 1.53)

Model 2

4281*$

1

0.85 (0.64, 1.12)

1.05 (0.84, 1.31)

0.93 (0.68, 1.27)

  1. * excludes 3 with event on date of baseline questionnaire
  2. $ excludes 1 with missing date of birth and 1 with missing date for baseline questionnaire
  3. ** some evidence for violation of proportional hazards (global test in non-fatal Model 2a, p = 0.04; in combined Model 2a, p = 0.03)
  4. Model 1: unadjusted
  5. Model 2: adjusted for risk factors as described in Table 1 (except diabetes, where all cases were merged to give a binary variable)