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Table 1 Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for maternal risk factors and childhood type 1 diabetes

From: Maternal and neonatal risk factors for childhood type 1 diabetes: a matched case-control study

Maternal factor

T1D Cases

n = 361

Controls

n = 1083

Unadjusted

Adjusted*

   

OR

95% CI

P-value

OR

95% CI

P-value

 

n (%)

n (%)

      

Maternal age (years)

    

0.87

  

0.82

< 25

114 (31.6)

354 (32.7)

1.00

0.75, 1.34

 

1.09

0.78, 1.51

 

25-29 (reference category)

126 (34.9)

391 (36.1)

1.00

  

1.00

  

30-34

91 (25.2)

255 (23.5)

1.12

0.81, 1.54

 

1.05

0.74, 1.48

 

≥ 35

30 (8.3)

83 (7.7)

1.13

0.71, 1.79

 

1.27

0.76, 2.13

 

Maternal BMI (kg/m 2 )

    

0.14

  

0.55

< 25 (reference category)

167 (46.3)

547 (50.5)

1.00

  

1.00

  

≥ 25

102 (28.3)

300 (27.7)

1.11

0.84, 1.47

 

1.14

0.85, 1.52

 

Unknown

92 (25.5)

236 (21.8)

1.45

1.01, 2.10

 

1.26

0.75, 2.13

 

Previous abortions

    

0.38

   

No (reference category)

309 (85.6)

906 (83.7)

      

Yes

52 (14.4)

177 (16.3)

0.86

0.61, 1.20

    

Maternal smoking

    

0.02‡

  

0.14

No (reference category)

201 (55.7)

537 (49.6)

1.00

  

1.00

  

Yes

84 (23.3)

330 (30.5)

0.61

0.43, 0.86

 

0.67

0.46, 0.99

 

Unknown

76 (21.1)

216 (19.9)

0.74

0.45, 1.22

 

0.71

0.41, 1.26

 

Pre-eclampsia

    

0.40

   

No (reference category)

347 (96.1)

1029 (95.0)

1.00

     

Yes

14 (3.9)

54 (5.0)

0.77

0.43, 1.40

    

Amniocentesis

    

0.34

   

No (reference category)

352 (97.5)

1045 (96.5)

1.00

     

Yes

9 (2.5)

38 (3.5)

0.70

0.33, 1.47

    

Maternal deprivation category‡

  

0.98

0.92, 1.04

0.51

   

1 (least deprived)

102 (28.3)

320 (29.5)

      

2

68 (18.8)

193 (17.8)

      

3

50 (13.9)

112 (10.3)

      

4

27 (7.5)

100 (9.2)

      

5

23 (6.4)

94 (8.7)

      

6

16 (4.4)

57 (5.3)

      

7 (most deprived)

40 (11.1)

121 (11.2)

      

Unknown

35 (9.7)

86 (7.9)

      

Syntocinon†

    

0.32

   

No (reference category)

168 (46.5)

478 (44.1)

1.00

     

Yes

129 (35.7)

392 (36.2)

0.85

0.63, 1.17

    

Unknown

64 (17.7)

213 (19.7)

0.67

0.40, 1.13

    

Mode of delivery

    

0.54

   

SVD (reference category)

241 (66.8)

753 (69.5)

1.00

     

Assisted

67 (18.6)

187 (17.3)

1.12

0.82, 1.54

    

Elective CS

24 (6.6)

53 (4.9)

1.42

0.86, 2.35

    

Emergency CS

29 (8.0)

90 (8.3)

1.01

0.65, 1.58

    

APH

    

0.79

   

No (reference category)

327 (90.6)

986 (91.0)

1.00

     

Yes

34 (9.4)

97 (9.0)

1.06

0.70, 1.60

    

Rhesus isoimmunisation

        

No (reference category)

361 (100.0)

1080 (99.7)

      

Yes

0 (0.0)

3 (0.3)

      

ABO isoimmunisation

        

No (reference category)

361 (100.0)

1082 (99.9)

      

Yes

0 (0.0)

1 (0.1)

      
  1. T1D, type 1 diabetes; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; SVD, spontaneous vaginal delivery; CS, Caesarean section; APH, antepartum haemorrhage; kg, kilograms; m, metres. *Maternal age adjusted for amniocentesis, gestational age, birth weight, breast feeding, maternal deprivation, pre-eclampsia, birth order, mode of delivery and maternal smoking; BMI adjusted for gestation at the booking appointment; maternal smoking adjusted for maternal age, birth weight, breast feeding, maternal deprivation, pre-eclampsia, gestational age and mode of delivery. † Data on syntocinon collected from 1986 by AMND. ‡ P < 0.05. ‡ Risk of type 1 diabetes per unit increase in maternal deprivation.
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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