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Table 3 The influence of household smoking status on salivary cotinine concentration within each ethnic group, fully adjusted model†

From: The influence of parental smoking and family type on saliva cotinine in UK ethnic minority children: a cross sectional study

 

No smokers in household

Maternal smoker only

Paternal smoker only

Both parents smoke

Other household member smokes

Salivary cotinine

ng/mL (95%CI)

% difference from non smoking households within group (95%CI)

White UK

0.35 (0.28, 0.43)

338.0 (214.9, 509.2)*

148.2 (71.7, 258.8)*

520.4 (330.7, 793.8)*

53.3 (-13.1, 170.2)

Black Caribbean

0.30 (0.26, 0.35)

228.3 (157.8, 318.0)*

54.7 (17.0, 104.5)*

417.3 (266.1, 630.9)*

27.8 (-6.3, 74.5)

Black African

0.26 (0.23, 0.29)

136.9 (46.6, 282.8)*

108.7 (58.1, 175.4)*

104.2 (9.0, 282.6)*

50.7 (-3.0, 134.1)

Indian

0.23 (0.19, 0.27)

161.7 (19.3, 474.3)*

109.3 (58.3, 176.9)*

453.6 (159.8, 1079.5)*

64.0 (-5.5, 184.5)

Pakistani

0.26 (0.22, 0.31)

212.5 (-12.4, 1015.7)

108.5 (57.8, 175.6)*

55.0 (-19.3, 197.9)

56.5 (3.5, 136.6)

Bangladeshi

0.28 (0.22, 0.34)

177.5 (32.9, 479.4)*

230.0 (136.3, 360.8)*

34.8 (-75.8, 649.8)

43.8 (-17.5, 150.6)

  1. * significantly different from non-smoking households P < 0.05; † adjusted for age, sex, day of week, material disadvantage, family type and crowding